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Neogene Growth of the Patagonian Andes

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The Evolution of the Chilean-Argentinean Andes

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Abstract

After a Late Cretaceous to Paleocene stage of mountain building, the North Patagonian Andes were extensionally reactivated leading to a period of crustal attenuation. The result was the marine Traiguén Basin characterized by submarine volcanism and deep-marine sedimentation over a quasi-oceanic basement floor that spread between 27 and 22 Ma and closed by 20 Ma, age of syndeformational granitoids that cut the basin infill. As a result of basin closure, accretion of the Upper Triassic metamorphic Chonos Archipelago took place against the Chilean margin, overthrusting a stripe of high-density (mafic) rocks on the upper crust, traced by gravity data through the Chonos Archipiélago. After this, contractional deformation had a rapid propagation between 19 and 14.8 Ma rebuilding the Patagonian Andes and producing a wide broken foreland zone. This rapid advance of the deformational front, registered in synorogenic sedimentation, was accompanied at the latitudes of the North Patagonian Andes by an expansion of the arc magmatism between 19 and 14 Ma, suggesting a change in the subduction geometry at that time. Then a sudden retraction of the contractional activity took place around 13.5–11.3 Ma, accompanied by a retraction of magmatism and an extensional reactivation of the Andean zone that controlled retroarc volcanism up to 7.3–(4.6?) Ma. This particular evolution is explained by a shallow subduction regime in the northernmost Patagonian Andes, probably facilitated by the presence of the North Patagonian massif lithospheric anchor that would have blocked drag basal forces creating low-pressure conditions for slab shallowing. Contrastingly, to the south, the accretion of the Chonos Archipelago explains rapid propagation of the deformation across the retroarc zone. These processes occurred at the time of rather orthogonal to the margin convergence between Nazca and South American plates after a long period of high oblique convergence. Finally, convergence deceleration in the last 10 My could have led to extensional relaxation of the orogen.

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge PICT-2012-1490, PIP 2015–2017, 2015–2017. UBACYT, and Proyectos Fondecyt 11080115, 1110914, 1151146, for funding.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Estudios Andinos (IDEAN), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Andrés Folguera, Vanesa D. Litvak, Jonathan Tobal, Miguel E. Ramos, Lucas Fennell, Lucía Fernández Paz & Sofía B. Iannelli

  2. Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile

    Alfonso Encinas

  3. Departamento de Geología, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Comodoro Rivadavia, Chubut, Argentina

    César R. Navarrete

  4. Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro—CONICET, Av. J.A. Roca 1242. CP 8332, General Roca, Argentina

    Darío Orts

  5. Instituto Geofísico Sismológico Ing. Volponi (IGSV), Universidad de Nacional San Juan, San Juan, Argentina

    Guido M. Gianni, Orlando Álvarez, Mario Giménez, Patricia Martínez & Francisco Ruiz

  6. Instituto de Estudios Andinos Don Pablo Groeber, UBA—CONICET. Departamento de Ciencias Geológicas, FCEN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Andrés Echaurren

  7. Aurum Consultores, Santiago de Chile, Chile

    Daniel Sellés

  8. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Guido M. Gianni, Orlando Álvarez & Mario Giménez

Authors
  1. Andrés Folguera
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  2. Guido M. Gianni
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  3. Alfonso Encinas
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  4. Orlando Álvarez
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  5. Darío Orts
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  6. Andrés Echaurren
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  7. Vanesa D. Litvak
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  8. César R. Navarrete
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  9. Daniel Sellés
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  10. Jonathan Tobal
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  11. Miguel E. Ramos
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  12. Lucas Fennell
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  13. Lucía Fernández Paz
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  14. Mario Giménez
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  15. Patricia Martínez
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  16. Francisco Ruiz
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  17. Sofía B. Iannelli
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Andrés Folguera .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Andrés Folguera

  2. Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

    Eduardo Contreras-Reyes

  3. Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Madrid, Spain

    Nemesio Heredia

  4. Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile

    Alfonso Encinas

  5. Instituto de Estudios Andinos (IDEAN), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Sofía B. Iannelli

  6. Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile

    Verónica Oliveros

  7. CICTERRA, CONICET—FCEFyN—Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

    Federico M. Dávila

  8. CICTERRA, CONICET—FCEFyN—Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

    Gilda Collo

  9. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ianiglia, Mendoza, Argentina

    Laura Giambiagi

  10. Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

    Andrei Maksymowicz

  11. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    María Paula Iglesia Llanos

  12. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Bahía Blanca, Bahía Blanca, Argentina

    Martín Turienzo

  13. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Maximiliano Naipauer

  14. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Río Negro, Río Negro, Argentina

    Darío Orts

  15. Instituto de Estudios Andinos (IDEAN), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Vanesa D. Litvak

  16. Instituto Geofisico Sismológico Ing. Volponi (IGSV), Universidad de San Juan, San Juan, Argentina

    Orlando Alvarez

  17. Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

    César Arriagada

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Folguera, A. et al. (2018). Neogene Growth of the Patagonian Andes. In: Folguera, A., et al. The Evolution of the Chilean-Argentinean Andes. Springer Earth System Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67774-3_19

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