SpringerLink
Log in

Microplastics as Contaminant in Freshwater Ecosystem: A Modern Environmental Issue

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Environmental Materials Management

  • 628 Accesses

Abstract

Plastic pollution emerged as an environmental problem during last quarter of twentieth century. This emerging pollution in aquatic ecosystems is degrading the food web and ecological integrity and posing hazardous effects on the environment. Plastic debris, fragments, fibers, and beads are the microplastics having size less than 5 mm and complex entities that persist within the environment for longer times. Recently, several scientists have reported the accumulation of microplastics in aquatic ecosystems all over the world. Most of the reports highlighted the marine environment, whereas limited literature is available to address the microplastics in freshwater ecosystems. This chapter highlights the sources, abundance, polymer type of microplastics, and recent developments in the methodology and discusses the questions focusing on its toxicological effects on freshwater biota. Current scientific literature reviews the different methods for microplastics sampling strategies on spatial and temporal scales, separation, identification of microplastics, and their impacts on ecological integrity of freshwater ecosystems. Furthermore, several studies have been conducted on the transfer of microplastics from terrestrial ecosystem to freshwater bodies and how it becomes the part of human food chain. This chapter will be helpful in increasing the understanding for the development and implementation of appropriate policies related to plastic pollution.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Andrady AL (2011) Microplastics in the marine environment. Mar Pollut Bull 62:1596–1605

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Au S (2017) Toxicity of microplastics to aquatic organisms

    Google Scholar 

  • Avio CG, Gorbi S, Regoli F (2015) Experimental development of a new protocol for extraction and characterization of microplastics in fish tissues: first observations in commercial species from Adriatic Sea. Mar Environ Res 111:18–26

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bakir A, Rowland SJ, Thompson RC (2014) Enhanced desorption of persistent organic pollutants from microplastics under simulated physiological conditions. Environ Pollut 185:16–23

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes DKA, Galgani F, Thompson RC, Barlaz M (2009) Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Philos Trans R Soc B 364:1985–1998

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Besseling E, Wang B, Lürling M, Koelmans AA (2014) Nanoplastic affects growth of S. obliquus and reproduction of D. magna. Environ Sci Technol 48:12336–12343

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blarer P, Burkhardt-Holm P (2016) Microplastics affect assimilation efficiency in the freshwater amphipod Gammarus fossarum. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:23522–23532

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boucher C, Morin M, Bendell L (2016) The influence of cosmetic microbeads on the sorptive behavior of cadmium and lead within intertidal sediments: a laboratory study. Reg Stud Mar Sci 3:1–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brennholt N, Heß M, Reifferscheid G (2018) Freshwater microplastics: challenges for regulation and management. In: Freshwater microplastics. Springer, Cham

    Google Scholar 

  • Browne MA (2015) Sources and pathways of microplastics to habitats. In: Marine anthropogenic litter. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Browne MA, Dissanayake A, Galloway TS, Lowe DM, Thompson RC (2008) Ingested microscopic plastic translocates to the circulatory system of the mussel, Mytilus edulis (L.). Environ Sci Technol 42:5026–5031

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Browne MA, Crump P, Niven SJ, Teuten E, Tonkin A, Galloway T, Thompson R (2011) Accumulation of microplastic on shorelines woldwide: sources and sinks. Environ Sci Technol 45:9175–9179

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castañeda RA, Avlijas S, Simard MA, Ricciardi A (2014) Microplastic pollution in St. Lawrence river sediments. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 71:1767–1771

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Claessens M, Van Cauwenberghe L, Vandegehuchte MB, Janssen CR (2013) New techniques for the detection of microplastics in sediments and field collected organisms. Mar Pollut Bull 70:227–233

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cole M, Galloway TS (2015) Ingestion of nanoplastics and microplastics by Pacific oyster larvae. Environ Sci Technol 49:14625–14632

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cole M, Lindeque P, Halsband C, Galloway TS (2011) Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: a review. Mar Pollut Bull 62:2588–2597

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cole M, Webb H, Lindeque PK, Fileman ES, Halsband C, Galloway TS (2014) Isolation of microplastics in biota-rich seawater samples and marine organisms. Sci Rep 4:4528

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Sá LC, Luís LG, Guilhermino L (2015) Effects of microplastics on juveniles of the common goby (Pomatoschistus microps): confusion with prey, reduction of the predatory performance and efficiency, and possible influence of developmental conditions. Environ Pollut 196:359–362

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Desforges J-PW, Galbraith M, Ross PS (2015) Ingestion of microplastics by zooplankton in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 69:320–330

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dris R, Imhof H, Sanchez W, Gasperi J, Galgani F, Tassin B, Laforsch C (2015) Beyond the ocean: contamination of freshwater ecosystems with (micro-) plastic particles. Environ Chem 12:539–550

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eerkes-Medrano D, Thompson RC, Aldridge DC (2015) Microplastics in freshwater systems: a review of the emerging threats, identification of knowledge gaps and prioritisation of research needs. Water Res 75:63–82

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engler RE (2012) The complex interaction between marine debris and toxic chemicals in the ocean. Environ Sci Technol 46:12302–12315

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksen M, Lebreton LC, Carson HS, Thiel M, Moore CJ, Borerro JC, Galgani F, Ryan PG, Reisser J (2014) Plastic pollution in the world’s oceans: more than 5 trillion plastic pieces weighing over 250,000 tons afloat at sea. PLoS One 9:e111913

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson C, Burton H (2003) Origins and biological accumulation of small plastic particles in fur seals from Macquarie Island. AMBIO J Hum Environ 32:380–384

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson C, Burton H, Fitch S, Schulz M, Van Den Hoff J (2013) Daily accumulation rates of marine debris on sub-Antarctic island beaches. Mar Pollut Bull 66:199–208

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faure F, Corbaz M, Baecher H, Neuhaus V, De Alencastro L (2013) Pollution due to plastics and microplastics in Lake Geneva. In: 6th international conference on water resources and environmental research

    Google Scholar 

  • Fendall LS, Sewell MA (2009) Contributing to marine pollution by washing your face: microplastics in facial cleansers. Mar Pollut Bull 58:1225–1228

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fent K, Chew G, Li J, Gomez E (2014) Benzotriazole UV-stabilizers and benzotriazole: antiandrogenic activity in vitro and activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway in zebrafish eleuthero-embryos. Sci Total Environ 482:125–136

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Free CM, Jensen OP, Mason SA, Eriksen M, Williamson NJ, Boldgiv B (2014) High-levels of microplastic pollution in a large, remote, mountain lake. Mar Pollut Bull 85:156–163

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fries E, Zarfl C (2012) Sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to low and high density polyethylene (PE). Environ Sci Pollut Res 19:1296–1304

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fries E, Dekiff JH, Willmeyer J, Nuelle M-T, Ebert M, Remy D (2013) Identification of polymer types and additives in marine microplastic particles using pyrolysis-GC/MS and scanning electron microscopy. Environ Sci: Processes Impacts 15:1949–1956

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galgani F, Hanke G, Werner S, De Vrees L (2013) Marine litter within the European marine strategy framework directive. ICES J Mar Sci 70:1055–1064

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graham ER, Thompson JT (2009) Deposit-and suspension-feeding sea cucumbers (Echinodermata) ingest plastic fragments. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 368:22–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gregory MR (1996) Plastic ‘scrubbers’ in hand cleansers: a further (and minor) source for marine pollution identified. Mar Pollut Bull 32:867–871

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grigorakis S, Mason SA, Drouillard KG (2017) Determination of the gut retention of plastic microbeads and microfibers in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Chemosphere 169:233–238

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hidalgo-Ruz V, Gutow L, Thompson RC, Thiel M (2012) Microplastics in the marine environment: a review of the methods used for identification and quantification. Environ Sci Technol 46:3060–3075

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoellein T, Mccormick A, Kelly J (2014) Riverine microplastic: abundance and bacterial community colonization. Joint Aquatic Sciences Meeting, Portland. Abstract

    Google Scholar 

  • Iguchi T, Watanabe H, Katsu Y (2005) Application of ecotoxicogenomics for studying endocrine disruption in vertebrates and invertebrates. Environ Health Perspect 114:101–105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Imhof HK, Schmid J, Niessner R, Ivleva NP, Laforsch C (2012) A novel, highly efficient method for the separation and quantification of plastic particles in sediments of aquatic environments. Limnol Oceanogr Methods 10:524–537

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imhof HK, Ivleva NP, Schmid J, Niessner R, Laforsch C (2013) Contamination of beach sediments of a subalpine lake with microplastic particles. Curr Biol 23:R867–R868

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kang J-H, Kwon OY, Lee K-W, Song YK, Shim WJ (2015) Marine neustonic microplastics around the southeastern coast of Korea. Mar Pollut Bull 96:304–312

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karapanagioti HK, Ogata Y, Takada H (2010) Eroded plastic pellets as monitoring tools for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH): laboratory and field studies. Global NEST J 12:327–334

    Google Scholar 

  • Karami, A, Romano, N, Galloway, T, Hamzhag H (2016) Virgin microplastics cause toxicity and modulate the impacts of phenanthrene on biomarker responses in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Environmental research, 151, 58–70

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koelmans AA, Bakir A, Burton GA, JANSSEN CR (2016) Microplastic as a vector for chemicals in the aquatic environment: critical review and model-supported reinterpretation of empirical studies. Environ Sci Technol 50:3315–3326

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Krishnan S, Samal SK, Mohanty S, Nayak SK (2018) Toughening of petroleum based (DGEBA) epoxy resins with various renewable resources based flexible chains for high performance applications: a review. Ind Eng Chem Res 57:2711–2726

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lechner A, Keckeis H, Lumesberger-Loisl F, Zens B, Krusch R, Tritthart M, Glas M, Schludermann E (2014) The Danube so colourful: a potpourri of plastic litter outnumbers fish larvae in Europe’s second largest river. Environ Pollut 188:177–181

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee K-W, Shim WJ, Kwon OY, Kang J-H (2013) Size-dependent effects of micro polystyrene particles in the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus. Environ Sci Technol 47:11278–11283

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lei L, Wu S, Lu S, Liu M, Song Y, Fu Z, Shi H, Raley-Susman KM, He D (2018) Microplastic particles cause intestinal damage and other adverse effects in zebrafish Danio rerio and nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Sci Total Environ 619:1–8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu Y, Zhang Y, Deng Y, Jiang W, Zhao Y, Geng J, Ding L, Ren H (2016) Uptake and accumulation of polystyrene microplastics in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and toxic effects in liver. Environ Sci Technol 50:4054–4060

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lusher A, Welden N, Sobral P, Cole M (2017) Sampling, isolating and identifying microplastics ingested by fish and invertebrates. Anal Methods 9:1346–1360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mathalon A, Hill P (2014) Microplastic fibers in the intertidal ecosystem surrounding Halifax Harbor, Nova Scotia. Mar Pollut Bull 81:69–79

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mccormick A, Hoellein TJ, Mason SA, Schluep J, Kelly JJ (2014) Microplastic is an abundant and distinct microbial habitat in an urban river. Environ Sci Technol 48:11863–11871

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mcmahon CR, Holley D, Robinson S (1999) The diet of itinerant male Hooker’s sea lions, Phocarctos hookeri, at sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island. Wildl Res 26:839–846

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore C, Lattin G, Zellers A (2011) Quantity and type of plastic debris flowing from two urban rivers to coastal waters and beaches of Southern California. Rev Gestão Costeira Integr/J Integr Coast Zone Manag 11:65–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murray F, Cowie PR (2011) Plastic contamination in the decapod crustacean Nephrops norvegicus (Linnaeus, 1758). Mar Pollut Bull 62:1207–1217

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nuelle M-T, Dekiff JH, Remy D, Fries E (2014) A new analytical approach for monitoring microplastics in marine sediments. Environ Pollut 184:161–169

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Obbard RW, Sadri S, Wong YQ, Khitun AA, Baker I, Thompson RC (2014) Global warming releases microplastic legacy frozen in Arctic Sea ice. Earth’s Future 2:315–320

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogonowski M, Schür C, Jarsén Å, Gorokhova E (2016) The effects of natural and anthropogenic microparticles on individual fitness in Daphnia magna. PLoS One 11:e0155063

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira M, Ribeiro A, Hylland K, Guilhermino L (2013) Single and combined effects of microplastics and pyrene on juveniles (0+ group) of the common goby Pomatoschistus microps (Teleostei, Gobiidae). Ecol Indic 34:641–647

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paul-Pont I, Lacroix C, Fernández CG, Hégaret H, Lambert C, Le Goïc N, Frère L, Cassone A-L, Sussarellu R, Fabioux C (2016) Exposure of marine mussels Mytilus spp. to polystyrene microplastics: toxicity and influence on fluoranthene bioaccumulation. Environ Pollut 216:724–737

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips B, Cobb J, George R (1980) General biology

    Google Scholar 

  • Rehse S, Kloas W, Zarfl C (2016) Short-term exposure with high concentrations of pristine microplastic particles leads to immobilisation of Daphnia magna. Chemosphere 153:91–99

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rocha-Santos T, Duarte AC (2015) A critical overview of the analytical approaches to the occurrence, the fate and the behavior of microplastics in the environment. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 65:47–53

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rochman CM, Browne MA, Halpern BS, Hentschel BT, Hoh E, Karapanagioti HK, Rios-Mendoza LM, Takada H, Teh S, Thompson RC (2013a) Policy: classify plastic waste as hazardous. Nature 494:169

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rochman CM, Hoh E, Kurobe T, Teh SJ (2013b) Ingested plastic transfers hazardous chemicals to fish and induces hepatic stress. Sci Rep 3:3263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rochman CM, Kurobe T, Flores I, Teh SJ (2014a) Early warning signs of endocrine disruption in adult fish from the ingestion of polyethylene with and without sorbed chemical pollutants from the marine environment. Sci Total Environ 493:656–661

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rochman CM, Lewison RL, Eriksen M, Allen H, Cook A-M, Teh SJ (2014b) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in fish tissue may be an indicator of plastic contamination in marine habitats. Sci Total Environ 476:622–633

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenkranz P, Chaudhry Q, Stone V, Fernandes TF (2009) A comparison of nanoparticle and fine particle uptake by Daphnia magna. Environ Toxicol Chem 28:2142–2149

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sadri SS, Thompson RC (2014) On the quantity and composition of floating plastic debris entering and leaving the Tamar Estuary, Southwest England. Mar Pollut Bull 81:55–60

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez W, Bender C, Porcher J-M (2014) Wild gudgeons (Gobio gobio) from French rivers are contaminated by microplastics: preliminary study and first evidence. Environ Res 128:98–100

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sivan A (2011) New perspectives in plastic biodegradation. Curr Opin Biotechnol 22:422–426

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sjollema SB, Redondo-Hasselerharm P, Leslie HA, Kraak MH, Vethaak AD (2016) Do plastic particles affect microalgal photosynthesis and growth? Aquat Toxicol 170:259–261

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sleight VA, Bakir A, Thompson RC, Henry TB (2017) Assessment of microplastic-sorbed contaminant bioavailability through analysis of biomarker gene expression in larval zebrafish. Mar Pollut Bull 116:291–297

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sruthy S, Ramasamy E (2017) Microplastic pollution in Vembanad Lake, Kerala, India: the first report of microplastics in lake and estuarine sediments in India. Environ Pollut 222:315–322

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sussarellu R, Suquet M, Thomas Y, Lambert C, Fabioux C, Pernet MEJ, Le Goïc N, Quillien V, Mingant C, Epelboin Y (2016) Oyster reproduction is affected by exposure to polystyrene microplastics. Proc Natl Acad Sci 113:2430–2435

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland WJ, Bardsley S, Bennun L, Clout M, Côté IM, Depledge MH, Dicks LV, Dobson AP, Fellman L, Fleishman E (2011) Horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2011. Trends Ecol Evol 26:10–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka K, Takada H, Yamashita R, Mizukawa K, Fukuwaka M-A, Watanuki Y (2013) Accumulation of plastic-derived chemicals in tissues of seabirds ingesting marine plastics. Mar Pollut Bull 69:219–222

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teuten EL, Rowland SJ, Galloway TS, Thompson RC (2007) Potential for plastics to transport hydrophobic contaminants. Environ Sci Technol 41:7759–7764

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson RC, Olsen Y, Mitchell RP, Davis A, Rowland SJ, John AW, Mcgonigle D, Russell AE (2004) Lost at sea: where is all the plastic? Science 304:838–838

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Cauwenberghe L, Vanreusel A, Mees J, Janssen CR (2013) Microplastic pollution in deep-sea sediments. Environ Pollut 182:495–499

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Von Moos N, Burkhardt-Holm P, Köhler A (2012) Uptake and effects of microplastics on cells and tissue of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis L. after an experimental exposure. Environ Sci Technol 46:11327–11335

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner M, Scherer C, Alvarez-Muñoz D, Brennholt N, Bourrain X, Buchinger S, Fries E, Grosbois C, Klasmeier J, Marti T (2014) Microplastics in freshwater ecosystems: what we know and what we need to know. Environ Sci Eur 26:12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watermann B, Löder M, Herlyn M, Daehne B, Thomsen A, Gall K (2017) Long-term 2007–2013 monitoring of reproductive disturbance in the dun sentinel Assiminea grayana with regard to polymeric materials pollution at the coast of Lower Saxony, North Sea, Germany. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:3352–3362

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webb HK, Arnott J, Crawford RJ, Ivanova EP (2012) Plastic degradation and its environmental implications with special reference to poly (ethylene terephthalate). Polymers 5:1–18

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber A, Scherer C, Brennholt N, Reifferscheid G, Wagner M (2018) PET microplastics do not negatively affect the survival, development, metabolism and feeding activity of the freshwater invertebrate Gammarus pulex. Environ Pollut 234:181–189

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wegner A, Besseling E, Foekema EM, Kamermans P, Koelmans AA (2012) Effects of nanopolystyrene on the feeding behavior of the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis L.). Environ Toxicol Chem 31:2490–2497

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright SL, Thompson RC, Galloway TS (2013) The physical impacts of microplastics on marine organisms: a review. Environ Pollut 178:483–492

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu X, Lee W, Chan A, Lo H, Shin P, Cheung S (2017) Microplastic ingestion reduces energy intake in the clam Atactodea striata. Mar Pollut Bull 124:798–802

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yonkos LT, Friedel EA, Perez-Reyes AC, Ghosal S, Arthur CD (2014) Microplastics in four estuarine rivers in the Chesapeake Bay, USA. Environ Sci Technol 48:14195–14202

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zbyszewski M, Corcoran PL (2011) Distribution and degradation of fresh water plastic particles along the beaches of Lake Huron, Canada. Water Air Soil Pollut 220:365–372

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zettler ER, Mincer TJ, Amaral-Zettler LA (2013) Life in the “plastisphere”: microbial communities on plastic marine debris. Environ Sci Technol 47:7137–7146

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang C, Chen X, Wang J, Tan L (2017) Toxic effects of microplastic on marine microalgae Skeletonema costatum: interactions between microplastic and algae. Environ Pollut 220:1282–1288

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao S, Zhu L, Wang T, Li D (2014) Suspended microplastics in the surface water of the Yangtze Estuary System, China: first observations on occurrence, distribution. Mar Pollut Bull 86:562–568

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Earth and Environmental science (CEES), Faculty of Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

    Muafia Shafiq & Abdul Qadir

  2. Biotechnology and Food Research Centre, PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Lahore, Pakistan

    Muafia Shafiq

  3. Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA

    Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain

Authors
  1. Muafia Shafiq
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Abdul Qadir
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Chemistry and EVSC, New Jersey InstTech, 151 D Tiernan-NJIT Dept. of Chemistry and EVSC, Newark, NJ, USA

    Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain

Section Editor information

  1. Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA

    Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Shafiq, M., Qadir, A., Hussain, C.M. (2019). Microplastics as Contaminant in Freshwater Ecosystem: A Modern Environmental Issue. In: Hussain, C. (eds) Handbook of Environmental Materials Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58538-3_172-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58538-3_172-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-58538-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-58538-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Chemistry and Mat. ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Chemistry, Materials and Physics

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation