Abstract
Australia has a long record of inclusive citizenship and continues to maintain generous access to citizenship, although not for the increasing number of workers on long-stay visas. Recent data indicates that an estimated 75–80% of eligible residents are naturalised, with a current annual rate of naturalisation above 130,000. The analysis in this chapter is based in large part on the annual Scanlon Foundation surveys of social cohesion. The surveys indicate that Australia is seen as a good country in which to settle, with high levels of belonging, life satisfaction and parallel high take-up of citizenship. But identity in the post-modern world is multi-faceted, with the majority who identify “as an Australian” also seeing themselves as world citizens, linked to their country of birth, and “just…an individual.”
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Notes
- 1.
Australian Bureau of Statistics, “Cultural Diversity in Australia,” cat. no. 2071.0. Available: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/2071.0main+features902012-2013 [Accessed 29 August 2016].
- 2.
For further information, see Fact Sheet, “Migration Program planning levels,” Department of Immigration and Border Protection.
- 3.
Australia, Department of Immigration and Border Protection, “Special Category visa (subclass 444).”
- 4.
Australia, Department of Immigration and Border Protection, “Temporary entrants and New Zealand citizens in Australia.”
- 5.
Jeffrey G. Reitz, “Pro-immigration Canada. Social and economic roots of popular views,” IRPP Study, 20 (2011); Andrew Markus, “Immigration and public opinion,” in A Greater Australia: Population, Policies and Governance, eds. Jonathan Pincus and Graeme J. Hugo (Melbourne: CEDA, 2012), 114–132.
- 6.
International Organization for Migration, “How the World Views Migration.” Available: http://publications.iom.int/books/how-world-views-migration [Accessed 29 August 2016].
- 7.
Eurobarometer 82, 2014, “Public Opinion in the European Union.” Available: http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/eb/eb82/eb82_en.htm [Accessed 29 August 2016].
- 8.
Pew Research Centre, 2014, “Most support limiting immigration.” Available: http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-3-most-support-limiting-immigration/ [Accessed 29 August 2016].
- 9.
Pew Research Centre, 2016, “Americans’ views of immigrants marked by widening partisan, generational divides.”
- 10.
Focus Canada, Fall 2016, “Canadian public opinion about immigration and citizenship.”
- 11.
Analysis by Colmar Brunton, “New Zealanders’ Perceptions of Asia and Asian Peoples,” Asia New Zealand Foundation, 2015 Annual Survey (March 2016).
- 12.
Murray Goot, “Migrant numbers, Asian immigration and multiculturalism: trends in the polls, 1943–1998,” National Multicultural Advisory Council, Australian Multiculturalism for a New Century, Statistical Appendix part 2 (1999).
- 13.
Andrew Markus, “Map** Social Cohesion,” The Scanlon Foundation Surveys: National Report (2015), 36.
- 14.
ANU Poll, (April 2015). Available: http://www.anu.edu.au/anupoll/
- 15.
Markus, “Map** Social Cohesion”, (2015), 41.
- 16.
Andrew Markus, “Map** Social Cohesion,” The Scanlon Foundation Surveys: National Report (2013), 34.
- 17.
Ms Eveline Nieuwveld, who undertook statistical analysis of the 2015–2016 Scanlon Foundation surveys, developed the Australian Identity Scale.
- 18.
Australia, Department of Immigration and Border Protection, “Australian Citizenship Test Snapshot Report,” 30 June 2015.
- 19.
Australia, Department of Immigration and Border Protection, “Citizenship in Australia,” 8. Available: https://www.border.gov.au/ReportsandPublications/Documents/research/citizenship-in-australia-2011.pdf [Accessed 23 September 2016].
- 20.
David Smith, Janice Wykes, Sanuki Jayarajah, Taya Fabijanic, “Citizenship in Australia.” Department of Immigrant and Citizenship, (2010), 2, 11, 23–4. Available: http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/research/_pdf/citizenship-in-australia-2011.pdf [Accessed January 2014].
- 21.
Australia, Department of Immigration and Border Protection, “Australian Citizenship Statistics.” Available: https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Citi/Lear/Facts-and-statistics [Accessed 23 September 2016]; Australia, Department of Immigration and Border Protection, “Annual Report 2015–16.” Appendix 4, Citizenship Statistics.
- 22.
Smith et al., “Citizenship in Australia,” 2, 11, 23–4.
- 23.
OECD/ European Union, Indicators of Immigrant Integration 2015: Settling In, 208.
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Markus, A. (2017). Australia’s Immigrants: Identity and Citizenship. In: Mann, J. (eds) Citizenship in Transnational Perspective. Politics of Citizenship and Migration. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53529-6_12
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