Rehabilitation in the Athletes

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Hand and Wrist Injuries In Combat Sports
  • 987 Accesses

Abstract

Sporting rehabilitation depends essentially on anatomical and biomechanical knowledge, lesion mechanisms, and the trauma or overuse pathology of the sport in question. This chapter concerns the early care of injured athletes, specific rehabilitation protocols, and finally the return to competitive activity, considering the whole psychological and social sphere linking athletes to their injury. We consider the main lesions of the hand and wrist as fractures, avulsion, dislocations, im**ement, and tendinitis affecting athletes practicing combat sports. We investigate how conservative and postsurgical rehabilitation, with essential support from splints and edema reduction by ta** techniques, can restore the athlete to competitive sporting activity as soon as possible, without violating the healing times of different tissues. The timing of rehabilitation is that of specific protocols found in the literature for the finger, metacarpal, and wrist trauma, likewise for immobilization, edema reduction, and pain treatment. Athletes are allowed to resume early sporting activity, thanks also to protective splints, paying special attention to movements and psychological effects of the injury. Treating anatomical areas with a high prevalence of tendon, ligament, and joint capsule receptors, proprioceptive recovery is necessary in order to obtain an optimum stability and orientation of hand and wrist.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Bledsoe GH, Hsu EB, Grabowski JG, et al. Incidence of injury in professional mixed martial arts competitions. J Sports Med Sci. 2006;5:136–42.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Estwanik JJ, Boitano M, Ari N. Amateur boxing injuries at the 1981 and 1982 USA/ABF national championships. Phys Sportsmed. 1984;12(10):123–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Diesselhorst M, Rayan G, Pasque C, et al. Survey of upper extremity injuries among martial arts participants. Hand Surg. 2013;18:151–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Birrer R. Trauma epidemiology in the martial arts: the results of an eighteen-year international survey. Am J Sports Med. 1996;24(6):S72–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Smith AM, Scott SG, O’Fallon WM, Young ML. Emotional responses of athletes to injury. Mayo Clin Proc. 1990;65(1):38–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Crossman J. Psychological rehabilitation from sports injuries. Sports Med. 1997;3(5):333–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Danish JS, Petitpas A, Hale DB. Psychological interventions: a life development model. In: Murphy SM, editor. Sport psychology interventions. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 1995. p. 19–38.

    Google Scholar 

  8. International Association for the Study of Pain. Classification of chronic pain: descriptions of chronic syndromes and definitions of pain terms. Pain. 1986;27:S1–S225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Nideffer RM. The injured athlete: Psychological factors in treatment. Orthop Clin N Am. 1983;14:372–85.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Walker N, Thatcher J, Lavallee D. Psychological responses to injury in competitive sport: a critical review. J R Soc Promot Heal. 2007;127(4):174–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Schmidt RA, Lee TD. Motor control and learning: a behavioral emphasis. 3rd ed. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Harris KS, Robinson WJ. The effect of skill level on EMG activity during internal and external imagery. J Sport Psychol. 1986;8:105–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Jowdy DP, Harris DV. Muscular responses during mental imagery as a function of motor skill level. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 1990;12:191–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Christakou A, Lavallee D. Rehabilitation from sports injuries: from theory to practice. Perspect Public Health. 2009;129(3):120–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Smith AM, Scott SG, Wiese DM. The psychological effects of sports injuries. Sports Med. 1990;9(6):352–69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Thomas D, Zanin D. Rééducation du poignet traumatique. EMC - Kinésithérapie-Médecine physique- Réadaptation 2015;0(0):1-16 [Article 26-220-A-11].

    Google Scholar 

  17. Mackin EJ. Prevention of complications in hand therapy. Complications of Hand Surgery. In: Hand clinics, vol. 2. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders; 1986. p. 429.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Stockle U, Hoffmann R, Schutz M, et al. Fastest reduction of posttraumatic edema: continuous cryotherapy or intermittent impulse compression? Foot Ankle Int. 1997;18(7):432–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Lowell M, Pirc P, Ward RS, et al. Effect of 3M Coban self-adherent wraps on edema and function of the burned hand: a case study. J Burn Care Rehabil. 2003;24(4):253–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Mackin EJ. Therapist’s management of staged flexor tendon reconstruction. In: Rehabilitation of the hand. St. Louis: Mosby; 1984. p. 314.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Vasudevan SV, Melvin JL. Upper extremity edema control: rationale of the techniques. Am J Occup Ther. 1979;33(8):520–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Ruelle P. Main et cicatrice prise en charge kinésithérapique. Rééducation de la main et du poignet. Paris: Société française de rééducation de la main, Elsevier; 2013. p. 103, 116.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Su CW, Alizadeh K, Boddie A, Lee RC. The problem scar. Clin Plast Surg. 1998;25:451–65.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Wiseman DM, Rover DT, Alvarez OM. Wound dressings: design and use. In: Cohen IK, Diegelman RF, Lindblad WJ, editors. Biochemical and clinical aspects of wound healing. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders; 1992. p. 562–80.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Webber A. Acute soft-tissue injuries in the young athlete. Clin Sports Med. 1988;7:611–24.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Hardy M, Woodall W. Therapeutic effects of heat, cold, and stretch on connective tissue. J Hand Ther. 1998;11:148–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Kase K. Illustrated kinesio-ta**. Tokyo: Ken’i Kai; 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Scar Management. American society for surgery of the hand. www.HandCare.org. 2016.

  29. Costa AM, Peyrol S, Pôrto LC, Comparin JP, Foyatier JL, Desmoulière A. Mechanical forces induce scar remodeling. Study in non-pressure-treated versus pressure-treated hypertrophic scars. Am J Pathol. 1999;155(5):1671–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Karwacińska J, et al. Effectiveness of Kinesio Ta** on hypertrophic scars, keloids, and scar contractures. Pol Ann Med. 2012;19(1):50–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Naito E, Ehrsson HH, Geyer S, Zilles K, Roland PE. Illusory arm movements activate cortical motor areas: a positron emission tomography study. J Neurosci. 1999;19:6134–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Avanzino L, Pelosin E, Abbruzzese G, Bassolino M, Pozzo T, et al. Sha** motor cortex plasticity through proprioception. Cereb Cortex. 2014;24:2807–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Swayne O, Rothwell J, Rosenkranz K. Transcallosal sensorimotor integration: effects of sensory input on cortical projections to the controlateral hand. Clin Neurophysiol. 2006;117:855–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Boutan M, Baladron R. Renforcement musculaire en rééducation de la main et du poignet. In: Boutan M, Thomas D, editors. Rééducation de la main et du poignet. Société française de rééducation de la main. Paris: Elsevier; 2013. p. 156–64.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Dehali P, Duclos C, Barat M. Electrostimulation et gain de force muscolaire. Ann Readapt Med Phys. 2008;51:441–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Artzberger S. Manual edema mobilization for the hand and arm. Symposium conducted through hand therapy consulting services. Portland, ME; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Artzberger S, Priganc V. Manual edema mobilization an edema reduction technique for the orthopedic patient. Rehabilitation of the hand and upper extremity, chap. 65, 6th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Mosby; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Tandara AA, Mustoe TA. The role of the epidermis in the control of scarring: evidence for mechanism of action for silicone gel. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2008;61(10):1219–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Fedorczyk, JM. The use of physical agents in hand rehabilitation. Rehabilitation of the hand and upper extremity, chap. 117, 6th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Mosby; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Moritomo H, Apergis EP, Herzberg G, Werner FW, Wolfe SW, Garcia-Elias M. IFSSH committee report of wrist biomechanics committee: biomechanics of the so-called dart-throwing motion of the wrist. J Hand Surg [Am]. 2007;32:1447–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Calfee RP, Leventhal EL, Wilkerson J, et al. Simulated radioscapholunate fusion alters carpal kinematics while preserving dart-throwers motion. J Hand Surg. 2008;33A:503–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Skirven TM, Lee Osterman A, Fedorczyk J, Amadio PC. Rehabilitation for carpal ligament injury and instability. Rehabilitation of the hand and upper extremity, chap. 75, 6th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Mosby; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Delaquaize F. Réorganisation cortical post-traumatique et plasticité cérébrale: rééducation par les techniques d’imagerie motrice. In: Rééducation de la main et du poignet. Paris: Société française de rééducation de la main, Elsevier; 2013. p. 193–200.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Priganc VW, Stralka SW. Graded motor imagery. J Hand Ther. 2011;24(2):164-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Moseley GL. Graded motor imagery is effective for long-standing complex regional pain syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Pain. 2004;108:192–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Lotze M, Halsband U. Motor imagery. J Physiol. 2006;99(4-6):386–95.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Decety JP. The neurophysiological basis of motor imagery. Behav Brain Res. 1996;77(1-2):45–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Malouin F, Richards CL. Mental practice for relearning locomotor skill. Phys Ther. 2010;90(2):240–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Ramachandran VS, Altschuler EL. The use of visual feedback, in particular mirror visual feedback, in restoring brain function. Brain. 2009;132(Pt 7):1693–710.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Chan BL, Witt R, Charrow AP, Pasquina PF. Mirror therapy for phantom limb pain. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(21):2206–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Duffau H. Brain plasticity: from pathophysiological mechanisms to therapeutic applications. J Clin Neurosci. 2006;13:885–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Rosen B, Vikström P. Timing of sensory re-learning following nerve repair in clinical practice. IFSSH Ezine; 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Rosen B, Björkman A, Lundborg G. Improved sensory relearning after nerve repair induced by selective temporary anaesthesia—a new concept in hand rehabilitation. J Hand Surg. 2006;31B:126–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Hagert E, Garcia-Elias M, Forsgren S, Ljung BO. Immunohistochemical analysis of wrist ligament innervation in relation to their structural composition. J Hand Surg. 2007;32A:30–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Hagert E, Lluch A, Rein S. The role of proprioception and neuromuscular stability in carpal instabilities. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2016;41(1):94–101.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Kaya D, editor. Hand & wrist problems and proprioception. Foster City, CA: OMICS Group; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Leger AB, Milner TE. Muscle function at the wrist after eccentric exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(4):612–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Malone T, McPoil TG, Nitz AJ. Orthopaedic and sports physical therapy. St. Louis: Mosby Year Book; 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Zhou S. Chronic neural adaptations to unilateral exercise: mechanisms of cross education. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2000;28:177–84.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Guerraz M, Provost S, Narison R, Brugnon A, Virolle S, Bresciani JP. Integration of visual and proprioceptive afferents in kinesthesia. Neuroscience. 2012;223:258–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Umphred DA. Neurological rehabilitation. 5th ed. London: Mosby Elsevier; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Costello JT, Donnelly AE. Cryotherapy and joint position sense in healthy participants: a systematic review. J Athl Train. 2010;45:306–16.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Goble DJ, Noble BC, Brown SH. Where was my arm again? Memory-based matching of proprioceptive targets is enhanced by increased target presentation time. Neurosci Lett. 2010;481:54–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Balan SA, Garcia-Elias M. Utility of the Powerball in the invigoration of the musculature of the forearm. Hand Surg. 2008;13:79–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Wolfe SW, Crisco JJ, Orr CM, Marzke MW. The dart-throwing motion of the wrist: is it unique to humans? J Hand Surg [Am]. 2006;31:1429–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Hagert E. Proprioception of the wrist joint: a review of current concepts and possible implications on the rehabilitation of the wrist. J Hand Ther. 2010;23(1):2–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. McEvoy KP, Newton RV. Baseball throwing velocity: a comparison of medicine ball training and weight training. J Strength Cond Res. 1994;8(3):198–203.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Kraemer WJ, Newton RU. Training for muscular power. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2000;11:341–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Cometti G. Pliometria. Calzetti & Mariucci; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Hill J, Leiszler M. Review and role of plyometrics and core rehabilitation in competitive sport. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2011;10(6):345–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Wilson JM, Flanagan EP. The role of elastic energy in activities with high force and power requirements: a brief review. J Strength Cond Res. 2008;22(5):1705–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Komi PV, Buskirk ER. Effects of eccentric and concentric muscle conditioning on tension and electrical activity of human muscle. Ergonomics. 1972;15:417–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Davies G, Riemann BL, Manske R. The clinical commentary current concepts of plyometric exercise. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2015;10(6):766.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Davies GJ, Ellenbecker T. The scientific and clinical application of isokinetics in evaluation and treatment of the athlete. In: Andrews J, Harrelson GL, Wilk K, editors. Physical rehabilitation of the injured athlete. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Zetaruk MN, Violan MA, Zurakowski D, et al. Injuries in martial arts: a comparison of five styles. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39:29–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Stricevic MV, Patel MR, Okazaki T, et al. Karate: historical perspective and injuries sustained in national and international tournament competitions. Am J Sports Med. 1983;11(5):320–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Drury BT, Lehman TP, Rayan G. Hand and wrist injuries in boxing and the martial arts. Hand Clin. 2017;33(1):97–106.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Viegas SF, Patterson R, Peterson P. The effects of various load paths and different loads on the load transfer characteristics of the wrist. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1989;14:458–65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Souer JS, Lozano-Calderón SA, Ring D. Predictors of wrist function and health status after operative treatment of fractures of the distal radius. J Hand Surg. 2008;33A(2):157–63.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Ryu J, Cooney WP, Askew LJ, An KN, Chao EY. Functional ranges of motion of the wrist joint. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1991;16:409–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Michlovitz S, Festa L. Therapist’s management of distal radius fractures. In: Rehabilitation of the hand and upper extremity. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Mosby; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Michlovitz SM, Lee M. Wrist and hand. In: Kolt G, Snyder-Macker L, editors. Physical therapies in sport and exercise. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  83. MacDermid JC. Development of a scale for patient rating of wrist pain and disability. J Hand Ther. 1996;9:178–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Kotsis SV, Lau FH, Chung KC. Responsiveness of the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire and physical measurements in outcome studies of distal radius fracture treatment. J Hand Surg [Am]. 2007;32(1):84–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Geissler WB. Carpal fractures in athletes - arthroscopic surgery for athletic elbow and wrist injuries. Clin Sports Med. 2001;20(1):167–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Rettig AC, Kollias SC. Internal fixation of acute stable scaphoid fractures in the athlete. Am J Sports Med. 1996;24(2):182–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Toby EB, Butler TE, McCormack TJ, Jayaraman G. A comparison of fixation screws for the scaphoid during application of cyclical bending loads. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997;79(8):1190–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Canon NM. Diagnosis and treatment manual for physicians and therapists. 4th ed. Indiana: The Hand Rehabilitation Center of Indiana; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Carroll RE, Lakin JF. Fracture of the hook of the hamate: acute treatment. J Trauma. 1993;34(6):803–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Demirkan F, Calandruccio JH, DiAngelo D. Biomechanical evaluation of flexor tendon function after hamate hook excision. J Hand Surg [Am]. 2003;28(1):138–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Devers BN, Douglas KC, Naik RD, et al. Outcomes of hook of hamate fracture excision in high-level amateur athletes. J Hand Surg [Am]. 2013;38(1):72–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Anatomy and Biomechanics Committee of the IFFSH. Position statement: definition of carpal instability. J Hand Surg. 1999;24A:866–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Larsen CF, Amadio PC, Gilula LA, Hodge JC. Analysis of carpal instability: I. Description of the scheme. J Hand Surg. 1995;20A:757–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Garcia-Elias M, Geissler WB. Carpal instability. In: Green DP, Hotchkiss RN, Pederson WC, Wolfe SW, editors. Green’s operative hand surgery. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2004. p. 535–604.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Hodge JC, Gilula LA, Larsen CF, Amadio PC. Analysis of carpal instability: II. Clinical applications. J Hand Surg. 1995;20A:765–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Watson HK, Ryu J. Degenerative disorders of the carpus. Orthop Clin N Am. 1984;15:337–54.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Braidotti F, Atzei A, Fairplay T. Dart-Splint: an innovative orthosis that can be integrated into a scapho-lunate and palmar midcarpal instability re-education protocol. J Hand Ther. 2015;28(3):329–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Knott M, Voss D. Proprioceptive neuromuscular rehabilitation, patterns and techniques. New York: Harper and Row; 1968. p. 30–54.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Luchetti R, Pegoli L, Papini Zorli I, Garcia-Elias M. Le instabilità del carpo. Trattato di chirurgia della mano, cap.10. Rome: Verduci; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Fassler PR, Stern PJ, Kefhaber TR. Asymptomatic SLAC wrist: does it exist? J Hand Surg. 1993;18A:682–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Luchetti R, Atzei A, Cozzolino R, Fairplay T. Current role of open reconstruction of the scapholunate ligament. J Wrist Surg. 2013;2(2):116–25.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  102. Garcia-Elias M. Carpal instability. In: Rehabilitation of the hand and upper extremity. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Mosby; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Lavernia CJ, Cohen MS, Taleisnik J. Treatment of scapholunate dissociation by ligamentous repair and capsulodesis. J Hand Surg. 1992;17A:354–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Brunelli GA, Brunelli GR. A new technique to correct carpal instability with scaphoid rotary subluxation: a preliminary report. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1995;20:S82–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Williams A, Ng CY, Hayton MJ. When can a professional athlete return to play following scapholunate ligament delayed reconstruction? Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(17):1071–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Blatt G. Dorsal capsulodesis for rotatory subluxation of the scaphoid. In: Gelberman RH, editor. Master techniques in orthopedic surgery: the wrist. New York: Raven Press; 1994. p. 147–66.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Blatt G. Capsulodesis in reconstructive hand surgery: dorsal capsulodesis for the unstable scaphoid and volar capsulodesis following excision of distal ulna. Hand Clin. 1987;3:81–102.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Watson HK, Ballet FL. The SLAC wrist: scapholunate advanced collapse pattern of degenerative arthritis. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1984;9:358–65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Cohen MS, Kozin SH. Degenerative arthritis of the wrist: proximal row carpectomy versus scaphoid excision and four corner arthrodesis. J Hand Surg [Am]. 2001;26:94.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. El-Mowafi H, El-Hadidi M, Boghdady GW, Hasanein EY. Functional outcome of four-corner arthrodesis for treatment of grade IV scaphoid non-union. Acta Orthop Belg. 2007;73(5):604–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Enna M, Hoepfner P, Weiss AP. Scaphoid excision with four-corner fusion. Hand Clin. 2005;21:531.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Krakauer JD, Bishop AT, Cooney WP. Surgical treatment of scapholunate advanced collapse. J Hand Surg. 1994;19(5):751–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Imbriglia JE, Broudy AS, Hagberg WC, McKernan DL. Proximal row carpectomy: clinical evaluation. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1990;15:426.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Tomaino MM, Delsignore J, Burton RI. Long-term results following proximal row carpectomy. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1994;19:694.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Stern PJ, Agabegi SS, Kiefhaber TR, Didonna ML. Proximal row carpectomy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87(1_suppl_2):166.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Di Donna ML, Kiefhaber TR, Stern PJ. Proximal row carpectomy: study with a minimum of ten years of follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86:2359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. Stamm TT. Excision of the proximal row of the carpus. Proc R Soc Med. 1944;38:74.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  118. Trankle M, Sauerbier M, Blum K, et al. Proximal row carpectomy: a motion-preserving procedure in the treatment of advanced carpal collapse. Unfallchirurg. 2003;106(12):1010.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Culp RW, McGuigan FX, Turner MA, et al. Proximal row carpectomy: a multicenter study. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1993;18:19.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Baumeister S, Germann G, Dragu A, et al. Functional results after proximal row carpectomy (PRC) in patients with SNAC/SLAC wrist stage II. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir. 2005;37(2):106.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Hastings H II. Arthrodesis (partial and complete). In: Green DP, Hotchkiss RN, Peterson WC, Wolfe SW, editors. Green’s operative hand surgery. 5th ed. New York: Elsevier; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Reagan DS, Linscheid RL, Dobyns JH. Lunotriquetral sprains. J Hand Surg. 1984;9A:502–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  123. Chinchalkar S, Yong SA. An ulnar boost splint for midcarpal instability. J Hand Ther. 2004;17:377–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Pin PG, Young VL, Gilula LA, Weeks PM. Management of chronic lunotriquetral ligament tears. J Hand Surg. 1989;14A:77–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  125. Nelson DL, Manske PR, Pruitt DL, Gilula LA, Martin RA. Lunotriquetral arthrodesis. J Hand Surg. 1993;18A:1113–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  126. Kirschenbaum D, Coyle MP, Leddy JP. Chronic lunotriquetral instability: diagnosis and treatment. J Hand Surg. 1993;18A:1107–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  127. Shih C, Chang CY. Chronically stressed wrists in adolescent gymnasts: MR imaging appearance. Radiology. 1995;195:855–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Gabel GT. Gymnastic wrist injuries. Clin Sports Med. 1998;17(3):611–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Rettig AC. Athletic injuries of the wrist and hand part II: overuse injuries of the wrist and traumatic injuries to the hand. Indianapolis: Methodist Sports Medicine; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Avery DM III, Rodner CM, Edgar CM. Sports-related wrist and hand injuries: a review. J Orthop Surg Res. 2016;11:99.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  131. Cook JL, Purdam CR. Is tendon pathology a continuum? A pathology model to explain the clinical presentation of load-induced tendinopathy. Br J Sports Med. 2009;43:409–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Pang EQ, Yao J. Ulnar-sided wrist pain in the athlete (TFCC/DRUJ/ECU). Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2017;10(1):53–61.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  133. Patterson SM, Picconatto WJ, Alexander JA, et al. Conservative treatment of an acute traumatic extensor carpi ulnaris tendon subluxation in a collegiate basketball player: a case report. J Athl Train. 2011;46:574–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  134. Montalvan B, Parier J, Brasseur JL, et al. Extensor carpi ulnaris injuries in tennis players: a study of 28 cases. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40:424–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  135. Campbell D, Campbell R, O’Connor P, Hawkes R. Sports-related extensor carpi ulnaris pathology: a review of functional anatomy, sports injury and management. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(17):1105–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Burkhart S, Wood M, Linscheid R. Posttraumatic recurrent subluxation of the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1982;7(1):1–3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Stathopoulos IP, Raptis K, Ballas EG, Spyridonos SP. Recurrent dislocation of the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon in a water-polo athlete. Trauma Mon. 2016;21(1):e19551.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  138. Allende C, Le Viet D. Extensor carpi ulnaris problems at the wrist—classification, surgical treatment and results. J Hand Surg Br Eur. 2005;30(3):265–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Inoue G, Tamura Y. Surgical treatment for recurrent dislocation of the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon. J Hand Surg Br Eur. 2001;26(6):556–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Jarrett CD, Baratz ME. The management of ulnocarpal abutment and degenerative triangular fibrocartilage complex tears in the competitive athlete. Hand Clin. 2012;28(3):329–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Lucio BT, Stokes HM, Poehling GG, Lemoine-Smith S, Crook E. Management of isolated triangular fibrocartilage complex perforations of the wrist. J Hand Ther. 1991;4:162–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  142. Nagle DJ. Triangular fibrocartilage complex tears in the athlete. Clin Sports Med. 2001;20(1):155–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Canelon MF. Silicone rubber splinting for athletic hand and wrist injuries. J Hand Ther. 1995;8(4):252–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Freeland AE, Geissler WB, Weiss AP. Operative treatment of common displaced and unstable fractures of the hand. J Bone Joint Surg. 2001;83:928–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  145. Lanz U, Hahn P. Tendon adhesions. In: Bruser P, Gilbert A, editors. Finger bone and joint injuries. London: Dunitz; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  146. LaStayo PC, Winters KM, Hardy M. Fracture healing: bone healing, fracture management, and current concepts related to the hand. J Hand Ther. 2003;16:81–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Hente R, Cordey J, Rahn BA, Maghsudi M, von Gumppenberg S, Perren SM. Fracture healing of the sheep tibia treated using a unilateral external fixator. Comparison of static and dynamic fixation. Injury. 1999;30(Suppl 1):A44–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Goodship AE, Cunningham JL, Kenwright J. Strain rate and timing of stimulation in mechanical modulation of fracture healing. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1998;355:S105–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  149. Chehade MJ, Pohl AP, Pearcy MJ, Nawana N. Clinical implications of stiffness and strength changes in fracture healing. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1997;79:9–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Hardy MA. Principles of metacarpal and phalangeal fracture management: a review of rehabilitation concepts. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2004;34(12):781–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Bora FW Jr, Didizian NH. The treatment of injuries to the carpometacarpal joint of the little finger. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1974;56:1459–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Strauch RJ, Rosenwasser MP, Lunt JG. Metacarpal shaft fractures: the effect of shortening on the extensor tendon mechanism. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1998;23:519–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. McNemar TB, Howell JW, Chang E. Management of metacarpal fractures. J Hand Ther. 2003;16:143–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Singletary S, Freeland AE, Jarrett CA. Metacarpal fractures in athletes: treatment, rehabilitation, and safe early return to play. J Hand Ther. 2003;16:171–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Hall RF. Treatment of metacarpal and phalangeal fractures in noncompliant patients. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1987;(214):31–6.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Creighton JJ Jr, Steichen JB. Complications in phalangeal and metacarpal fracture management. Results of extensor tenolysis. Hand Clin. 1994;10:111–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Hansen PB, Hansen TB. The treatment of fractures of the ring and little metacarpal necks. A prospective randomized study of three different types of treatment. J Hand Surg (Br). 1998;23:245–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Freeland AE. Hand fractures. Repair reconstruction and rehabilitation. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  159. Stern PJ. Fractures of the metacarpals and phalanges. In: Green OP, Hotchkiss RN, Pederson WC, editors. Greens operative hand surgery. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Claes L, Heitemeyer U, Krischak G, Braun H, Hierholzer G. Fixation technique influences osteogenesis of comminuted fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1999;365:221–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  161. Salter RB, Ogilvie-Harris DJ. Healing of intra-articluar fractures with continuous passive motion. In: Fractures involving joints. AAOS instructional lectures. Rosemont: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 1979. p. 102–17.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Wright TA. Early mobilization in fractures of the metacarpals and phalanges. Can J Surg. 1968;11:491–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Shehadi SI. External fixation of metacarpal and phalangeal fractures. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1991;16:544–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Strickland JW, Steichen JB, Kleinman WB, Hastings H, Flynn N. Phalangeal fractures. Factors influencing digital performance. Orthop Rev. 1982;11:39–50.

    Google Scholar 

  165. Huffaker WH, Wray RC Jr, Weeks PM. Factors influencing final range of motion in the fingers after fractures of the hand. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1979;63:82–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Reyes FA, Latta LL. Conservative management of difficult phalangeal fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1987;(214):23–30.

    Google Scholar 

  167. Ebinger T, Erhard N, Kinzl L, Mentzel M. Dynamic treatment of displaced proximal phalangeal fractures. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1999;24:1254–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Burkhalter WE. No man’s land fracture. Fort Lauderdale Hand Clinic Newsletter. 1991. p. 2–4.

    Google Scholar 

  169. Duncan RW, Freeland AE, Jabaley ME, Meydrech EF. Open hand fractures: an analysis of the recovery of active motion and of complications. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1993;18:387–94.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Widgerow AD, Edinburg M, Biddulph SL. An analysis of proximal phalangeal fractures. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1987;12:134–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Black DM, Mann RJ, Constine RM, Daniels AU. The stability of internal fixation in the proximal phalanx. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1986;11:672–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Page SM, Stern PJ. Complications and range of motion following plate fixation of metacarpal and phalangeal fractures. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1998;23:827–32.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Evans R, Thompson D. An analysis of factors that support early active short arc motion of the repaired central slip. J Hand Ther. 1992;5:187–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  174. Salter RB. The physiologic basis of continuous passive motion for articular cartilage healing and regeneration. Hand Clin. 1994;10:211–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Gallagher KG, Blackmore SM. Intra-articular hand fractures and joint injuries: part II—therapist’s management. In: Skirven TM, Osterman AL, Fedorczyk J, et al., editors. Rehabilitation of the hand and upper extremity. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Mosby; 2011. p. 417–38.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  176. Haines B, Mallas J, Mea E. Practice forum: modified pizza pan splint for unstable intra-articular fractures of the PIP joint. J Hand Ther. 1991;4:188.

    Google Scholar 

  177. Cannon NM. Rehabilitation approaches for distal and middle phalanx fractures of the hand. J Hand Ther. 2003;16:105–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Damron TA, Engber WD, Lange RH, et al. Biomechanical analysis of mallet finger fracture fixation techniques. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1993;18:600–7; discussion 608.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. DaCruz DJ, Slade RJ, Malone W. Fractures of the distal phalanges. J Hand Surg (Br). 1988;13:350–2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Bowers WH, Wolf JW Jr, Nehil JL, Bittinger S. The proximal interphalangeal joint volar plate. I. An anatomical and biomechanical study. J Hand Surg. 1980;5:79–88.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Kiefhaber TR, Stern PJ, Grood ES. Lateral stability of the proximal interphalangeal joint. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1986;11:661–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Wray RC, Young VL, Holtman B. Proximal interphalangeal joint sprains. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1984;74:101–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Levine WR. Rehabilitation techniques for ligament injuries of the wrist. Hand Clin. 1992;8(4):669–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Dinh P, Franklin A, Hutchinson B, Schnall SB, Fassola I. Metacarpophalangeal joint dislocation. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2009;7:318–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  185. Kang L, Rosen A, Potter HG, Weiland AJ. Rupture of the radial collateral ligament of the index metacarpophalangeal joint: diagnosis and surgical treatment. J Hand Surg [Am]. 2007;32:789–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  186. Stener B. Displacement of the ruptured ulnar collateral ligament of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb: a clinical and anatomical study. J Bone Joint Surg (Br). 1962;44:869–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  187. Tang P. Collateral ligament injuries of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2011;19(5):287–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Morgan WJ, Slowman LS. Acute hand and wrist injuries in athletes: evaluation and management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2001;9(6):389–400.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Allison DM. Anatomy of the collateral ligaments of the proximal interphalangeal joint. J Hand Surg [Am]. 2005;30(5):1026–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  190. Vicar AJ. Proximal interphalangeal joint dislocations without fractures. Hand Clin. 1988;4:5–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. McElfresh EC, Dobyns JH, O’Brien ET. Management of fracture-dislocation of the proximal interphalangeal joints by extension block splinting. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1972;54:1705–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. McCue FC III, Cabrera JM. Common athletic digital joint injuries of the hand. In: Strickland JW, Rettig AC, editors. Hand injuries in athletes. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders; 1992. p. 49–94.

    Google Scholar 

  193. Inoue G, Maeda N. Irreducible palmar dislocation of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the finger. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1990;15:301–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Thompson JS, Eaton RG. Volar dislocation of the proximal interphalangeal joints. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1977;2B:232.

    Google Scholar 

  195. McCue FC, Hohner R, Giek J, et al. A pseudo-boutonnière deformity. Hand. 1975;7:166.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Kleinert HE, Serafin D, Kutz JE, Atasoy E. Reimplantation of amputated digits and hands. Orthop Clin N Am. 1973;4(4):957–67.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Kleinert HE, Verdan C. Report of the committee on tendon injuries (International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand). J Hand Surg Am. 1983;8(5 Pt 2):794–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Silfverskiold KL, May EJ. Flexor tendon repair in zone II with a new suture technique and an early mobilization program combining passive and active flexion [see comments]. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1994;19(1):53–60.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Howell JW, Peck F. Rehabilitation of flexor and extensor tendon injuries in the hand: current updates. Injury. 2013;44:397–402.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Evans RB. Managing the injured tendon: current concepts. J Hand Ther. 2012;25(2):173–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Straus FH. Luxation of extensor tendons in the hand. Ann Surg. 1940;3:135–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  202. Ovesen OC, Jensen EK, Bertheussen KJ. Dislocation of extensor tendons of the hand caused by focal myoclonic epilepsy. J Hand Surg. 1987;12B:131–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  203. Saldana MJ, McGuire RA. Chronic painful subluxation of the metacarpalphalangeal joint extensor tendons. J Hand Surg. 1986;11A:420–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  204. Wheeldon FT. Recurrent dislocation of extensor tendons in the hand. J Bone Joint Surg. 1954;36B:612–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  205. Ishizuki M. Traumatic and spontaneous dislocation of extensor tendon of the long finger. J Hand Surg. 1990;15A:967–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  206. Kilgore ES, Graham WP, Newmeyer WL, Brown LG. Correction of ulnar subluxation of the extensor communis. Hand. 1975;7:272–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Catalano LW III, Gupta S, Ragland R III, et al. Closed treatment of nonrheumatoid extensor tendon dislocations at the metacarpophalangeal joint. J Hand Surg [Am]. 2006;31:242–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  208. McMurtry JT, Isaacs J. Extensor tendon injuries. Clin Sports Med. 2015;34:167–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Garberman SF, Diao E, Peimer CA. Mallet finger: results of early versus delayed closed treatment. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1994;19(5):850–2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Pike J. Blinded, prospective, randomized clinical trial comparing volar, dorsal, and custom thermoplastic splinting in treatment of acute mallet finger. J Hand Surg [Am]. 2010;35(4):580–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  211. Groth GN, Wilder DM, Young VL. The impact of compliance on the rehabilitation of patients with mallet finger injuries. J Hand Ther. 1994;7(1):21–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  212. Tocco S, Boccolari P, et al. Effectiveness of cast immobilization in comparison to the gold-standard self-removal orthotic intervention for closed mallet fingers: a randomized clinical trial. J Hand Ther. 2013;26:191–201.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Saroglia, I., Pompili, G. (2018). Rehabilitation in the Athletes. In: Luchetti, R., Pegoli, L., Bain, G. (eds) Hand and Wrist Injuries In Combat Sports. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52902-8_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52902-8_16

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-52901-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-52902-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Navigation