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Applying Evidence-Based Profiling to Disaggregated Fraud Offenders

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Financial Crimes: Psychological, Technological, and Ethical Issues

Part of the book series: International Library of Ethics, Law, and the New Medicine ((LIME,volume 68))

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Abstract

In recent years, profiling has moved to a more evidence-based approach, and into mainstream forensic psychology as the new discipline of Behavioural Investigative Advice. Furthermore, profiling in the United Kingdom has become a recognised profession. The chapter first considers white-collar offenders, including fraud offenders, and individual differences as well as some myths about white-collar offenders before focusing on empirical (both exploratory and comparative) studies of such offenders’ characteristics and their limitations. Attention then turns to the offender profiling concept as it has evolved over the years, outlining approaches to it (diagnostic evaluation, criminal investigative analysis, crime action profiling, investigative psychology and geographical profiling) before focusing on the feasibility of applying a recast notion of geographical profiling to internet fraudsters. The chapter concludes about the importance of a small number of characteristics of fraud offenders and how they could be utilized to reduce the risk of fraud but, also, makes suggestions for future research.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Association of Certified Fraud Examiners. (2014). What is Fraud? http://www.acfe.com/fraud-101.aspx.

  2. 2.

    http://definitions.uslegal.com/e/economic-crime/.

  3. 3.

    Cyber fraud has been increasing internationally, according to Kroll’s (2013/2014) Global Fraud Report (p. 9).

  4. 4.

    Films such as Silence of the Lambs, television series like Cracker in the UK, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, CSI: Miami or Profiler, and popular books like The Real Cracker by Cook (2001), The Jigsaw Man (Britton 1998) and Picking Up the Pieces (Britton 2001).

  5. 5.

    See, for example, Badcock (1997), Boon (1997), Girod (2004), Palermo (2004), Proulx et al. (2007).

  6. 6.

    See Kocsis (2006) for an account of the principles and procedures inherent in the Crime Action Profiling approach to profiling crimes.

  7. 7.

    Whether justifiably is debatable because of the overlap with such pre-existing specialisations as police, forensic and criminal psychology (Kocsis 2009: 219).

  8. 8.

    See Ratcliff (2004).

  9. 9.

    See Rainbow and Gregory (2011), for details.

  10. 10.

    Child Abduction and Serial Murder Investigative Resource Center.

  11. 11.

    Violent Criminal Apprehension programme.

  12. 12.

    Violent and Sexual Offender Register.

  13. 13.

    See Almond et al. (2011), Crighton (2010), and Kocsis (2009), for detailed discussion of studies.

  14. 14.

    See Goodwill et al. (2009), for a comparison of typological, thematic and multivariate models of rape.

  15. 15.

    See 2003b, 2004, regarding the qualities of successful profilers.

  16. 16.

    For a listing of a large number of studies of fraud by four categories of fraud, see Appendix 1.1 in Hays and Prenzler (2003: 29–30).

  17. 17.

    The term ‘white-collar offenders’ is used instead of ‘white-collar criminals’ because in some studies researchers have used data on suspects arrested. It is argued this term is more appropriate from a criminological point of view as many people arrested are not prosecuted and cannot justifiably be considered as confirmed offenders.

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  1. Department of Law, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus

    Andreas Kapardis

  2. Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus

    Maria Krambia-Kapardis

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Correspondence to Andreas Kapardis .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculté d'administration, Chairholder of CIBC Res.Chair in Fin.Int, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada

    Michel Dion

  2. Faculte de Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada

    David Weisstub

  3. ESSEC, Institute for Strategic Innovation & Ser, Suresnes, France

    Jean-Loup Richet

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© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

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Kapardis, A., Krambia-Kapardis, M. (2016). Applying Evidence-Based Profiling to Disaggregated Fraud Offenders. In: Dion, M., Weisstub, D., Richet, JL. (eds) Financial Crimes: Psychological, Technological, and Ethical Issues. International Library of Ethics, Law, and the New Medicine, vol 68. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32419-7_13

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