Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials, including fullerene, carbon nanotubes, graphene and graphene oxide have raised tremendous attentions for their biomedical applications. Their high surface area, low toxicity and unique optical property make them ideal candidates for drug delivery and photo-thermal therapeutics. Carbon nanomaterials can be engineered into multifunctional drug delivery platforms through sophisticated chemistry approaches. The advanced design of carbon nanomaterials make them feasible to target diseased tissues, to deliver high doses of drugs and enable real time imaging in vivo. Numerous preclinical studies of carbon nanomaterials (e.g. carbon nanotube) have showed improved therapeutics such as cancer therapy as compare to traditional therapy. In addition, with the growing concerns of nanotoxicity to environment and human health, systematic toxicological studies of carbon nanomaterials have been conducted in the last decades. These studies not only elucidated paradigms and mechanisms of carbon nanomaterials-associated nanotoxicity, but also provided benchmarks to produce non-toxic carbon nanomaterials. In this chapter, we reviewed recent research progress of the toxicological and pharmacological studies of carbon nanomaterials aiming to highlight their potential biomedical applications in the future.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
R. Langer, Drugs on target. Science 293, 58–59 (2001)
P. Van Hoogevest, X. LIU, A. Fahr, Drug delivery strategies for poorly water-soluble drugs: the industrial perspective. Exp. Opin. Drug Deliv. 8, 1481–1500 (2011)
R.M. Mainarades, L.P. Silva, Drug delivery systems: past, present, and future. Curr. Drug Targets. 5, 449–455 (2004)
DA Lavan, T. McGuire, R. Langer, Small-scale systems for in vivo drug delivery. Nat. biotechnol. 21, 1184–1191 (2003)
R. Misra, S. Acharya, S.K. Sahoo, Cancer nanotechnology: application of nanotechnology in cancer therapy. Drug Discov. Today 15, 842–850 (2010)
A. Santos, Aw. Sinn, M. Bariana, M. Kumeria, T. Wang, Y. Losic D., Drug-releasing implants: current progress, challenges and perspectives. J. Mater. Chem. B 2 (37), 6157–6182 (2014)
J.L. Perry, C.R. Martin, J.D. Stewart, Drug-delivery strategies by using template-synthesized nanotubes. Chem. Eur. J. 17, 6296–6302 (2011)
R.K. Jain, T. Stylianopoulos, Delivering nanomedicine to solid tumors. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 7, 653–664 (2010)
Y. Wang, A. Santos, A. Evdokiou, et al., An overview of nanotoxicity and nanomedicine research: principles, progress and implications for cancer therapy. J. Mater. Chem. B, DOI: 10.1039/C5TB00956A (2015)
A. Bianco, K. Kostarelos, M. Prato, Application carbon nanotubes for drug delivery. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 9, 674–679 (2005)
K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, S.V. Morozov, et.al. Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306, 666–669 (2004)
A.K. Geim, K.S. Novoselov, The rise of graphene. Nat Mater. 6, 183–191 (2007)
A.K. Geim, Graphene: status and prospects. Science 324, 1530–1534 (2009)
M. Kakran, L. LI, Carbon nanomaterials for drug delivery. Key Eng. Mater. 508, 76–80 (2012)
K.S. Kim, Y. Zhao, H. Jang, et al., Large-scale pattern growth of graphene films for stretchable transparent electrodes. Nature 457, 706–710 (2009)
S. Stankovich, D.A. Dikin, R.D. Piner, R.S. Ruoff, et al., Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide. Carbon 45, 1558–1565 (2007)
S. Iijima, Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature 354, 56–58 (1991)
H. Dai, Carbon nanotubes: synthesis, integration, and properties. Acc. Chem. Res. 35, 1035–1044 (2002)
M. Prato, K. Kostarelos, A. Bianco, Functionalized carbon nanotubes in drug design and discovery. Acc. Chem. Res. 41, 60–68 (2007)
A. Bianco, K. Kostarelos, M. Prato, Opportunities and challenges of carbon-based nanomaterials for cancer therapy. Exp. Opin. Drug Deliv. 5, 331–342 (2008)
M.F.L. De Volder, S.H. Tawfick, R.H. Baughman, A.J. Hart, Carbon nanotubes: present and future commercial applications. Science 339, 535–539 (2013)
L.M. Viculis, J.J. Mack, R.B. Kaner, A chemical route to carbon nanoscrolls. Science 299, 1361 (2003)
Y. Liu, Y. Zhao, B. Sun, C. Chen, Understanding the toxicity of carbon nanotubes. Acc. Chem. Res. 46, 702–713 (2012b)
S.K. Singh, M.K. Singh, P.P. Kulkarni, et.al., Amine-modified graphene. Thrombo-protective safer alternative to graphene oxide for biomedical applications. Acs Nano 6, 2731–2740 (2012)
Y. Wang, Z. Li, J. Wang, J. LI, Y. Lin, Graphene and graphene oxide: biofunctionalization and applications in biotechnology. Trends Biotechnol. 29, 205–212 (2011)
C. Wang, J. Li, C. Amatore, Y. Chen, H. Jiang, X.M. Wang, Gold nanoclusters and graphene nanocomposites for drug delivery and imaging of cancer cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 50, 11644–11648 (2011)
L. Feng, L. Wu, X. Qu, New horizons for diagnostics and therapeutic applications of graphene and graphene oxide. Adv. Mater. 25, 168–86 (2013)
Z. Liu, S. Tabakman, K. Welsher, H. Dai, Carbon nanotubes in biology and medicine: in vitro and in vivo detection, imaging and drug delivery. Nano Res. 2, 85–120 (2009b)
Z. Spitalsky, D. Tasis, K. Papagelis, C. Galiotis, Carbon nanotube–polymer composites: chemistry, processing, mechanical and electrical properties. Prog. Polym. Sci. 35, 357–401 (2010)
R.G. Mendes, A. Bachmatiuk, B. Buchner, et al., Carbon nanostructures as multi-functional drug delivery platforms, J. Mater. Chem. B. 1, 401–428 (2013)
Y. Yan, G.K. Such, F. Caruso, et al., Engineering particles for therapeutic delivery: prospects and challenges. ACS Nano. 6, 3663–3669 (2012)
Y. Matsumura, H. Maeda, A new concept for macromolecular therapeutics in cancer chemotherapy: mechanism of tumoritropic accumulation of proteins and the antitumor agent smancs. Cancer Res. 46, 6387–6392 (1986)
L.E. Gerweck, K. Seetharaman, Cellular pH gradient in tumor versus normal tissue: potential exploitation for the treatment of cancer. Cancer Res. 56, 1194–1198 (1996)
S.-R. Ji, C. Liu, B. Zhang, et al., Carbon nanotubes in cancer diagnosis and therapy. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Cancer 1806, 29–35 (2012)
J. **e, K. Chen, H.-Y. Lee, C. Xu, et al., Ultrasmall c(RGDyK)-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles and their specific targeting to integrin αvβ3-rich tumor cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 7542–7543 (2008)
Z. Liu, X. Sun, N. Nakayama-Ratchford, H. Dai, Supramolecular chemistry on water-soluble carbon nanotubes for drug loading and delivery. ACS Nano 1, 50–56 (2007b)
A. Hirsch, Functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 41, 1853–1859 (2002)
V. Georgakilas, K. Kordatos, M. Prato, et al., Organic functionalization of carbon nanotubes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124, 760–761 (2002a)
Z. Liu, J.T. Robinson, X.M. Sun, H.J. Dai, PEGylated nanographene oxide for delivery of water-insoluble cancer drugs. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 10876–10877 (2008)
X.M. Sun, Z. Liu, K. Welsher, J.T. Robinson, A. Goodwin, S. Zaric, H.J. Dai, Nano-graphene oxide for cellular imaging and drug delivery. Nano Res. 1, 203–212 (2008)
G. Gollavelli, Y.C. Ling, Multi-functional graphene as an in vitro and in vivo imaging probe. Biomaterials 33, 2532–2545 (2012)
Y.J. Lu, H.W. Yang, S.C. Hung, et al., Improving thermal stability and efficacy of BCNU in treating glioma cells using PAA-functionalized graphene oxide. Int. J. Nanomed. 7, 1737–1747 (2012)
C. Shan, H. Yang, D. Han, Q. Zhang, A. Ivaska, L. Niu, Water-soluble graphene covalently functionalized by biocompatible poly-L-lysine. Langmuir 25, 12030–12033 (2009)
N.G. Sahoo, H.Q. Bao, et al., Functionalized carbon nanomaterials as nanocarriers for loading and delivery of a poorly water-soluble anticancer drug: a comparative study. Chem. Commun. 47, 5235–5237 (2011)
L.M. Zhang, Z.X. Lu, Q.H. Zhao, J. Huang, H. Shen, Z.J. Zhang, Enhanced chemotherapy efficacy by sequential delivery of siRNA and anticancer drugs using PEI-grafted graphene oxide. Small 7, 460–464 (2011a)
B.A. Chen, M. Liu, L.M. Zhang, J. Huang, J.L. Yao, Z.J. Zhang, Polyethylenimine-functionalized graphene oxide as an efficient gene delivery vector. J. Mater. Chem. 21, 7736–7741 (2011)
Y. Liu, D.-C. Wu, W.-D. Zhang, et al., Polyethylenimine-grafted multiwalled carbon nanotubes for secure noncovalent immobilization and efficient delivery of DNA. Angew. Chem. 117, 4860–4863 (2005)
Y.Z. Pan, H.Q. Bao, N.G. Sahoo, T.F. Wu, L. Li, Water-soluble poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-graphene sheets synthesized via click chemistry for drug delivery. Adv. Funct. Mater. 21, 2754–2763 (2011)
J. Gao, F. Bao, L.L. Feng, K.Y. Shen, et al., Functionalized graphene oxide modified polysebacic anhydride as drug carrier for levofloxacin controlled release. Rsc. Adv. 1, 1737–1744 (2011)
V.K. Rana, M.C. Choi, J.Y. Kong, et al., Synthesis and drug-delivery behavior of chitosan-functionalized graphene oxide hybrid nanosheets. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 296, 131–140 (2011)
H.Q. Bao, Y.Z. Pan, Y. **, N.G. Sahoo, T.F. Wu, L. Li, J. Li, L.H. Gan, Chitosan-functionalized graphene oxide as a nanocarrier for drug and gene delivery. Small 7, 1569–1578 (2011)
D. Depan, J. Shah, R.D.K. Misra, Controlled release of drug from folate-decorated and graphene mediated drug delivery system: synthesis, loading efficiency, and drug release response. Mater. Sci. Eng. C-Mater. Biol. Appl. 31, 1305–1312 (2011)
K.P. Liu, J.J. Zhang, F.F. Cheng, T.T. Zheng, C.M. Wang, J.J. Zhu, Green and facile synthesis of highly biocompatible graphene nanosheets and its application for cellular imaging and drug delivery. J. Mater. Chem. 21, 12034–12040 (2011)
L.M. Zhang, J.G. **a, Q.H. Zhao, L.W. Liu, Z.J. Zhang, Functional graphene oxide as a nanocarrier for controlled loading and targeted delivery of mixed anticancer drugs. Small 6, 537–544 (2010)
X.Y. Yang, Y.S. Wang, X. Huang, et al., Multi-functionalized graphene oxide based anticancer drug-carrier with dual-targeting function and pH-sensitivity. J. Mater. Chem. 21, 3448–3454 (2010b)
J. Liu, L. Tao, W. Yang, D. Li, et al., Synthesis, characterization, and multilayer assembly of pH sensitive graphene-polymer nanocomposites. Langmuir 26, 10068–10075 (2010a)
J. Liu, W. Yang, L. Tao, D. Li, C. Boyer, T.P. Davis, Thermosensitive graphene nanocomposites formed using pyrene-terminal polymers made by RAFT polymerization. J. Polym. Sci. A. Polym. Chem. 48, 425–433 (2010b)
J. Shen, M. Shi, N. Li, B. Yan, et al., Facile synthesis and application of Ag-chemically converted graphene nanocomposite. Nano. Res. 3, 339–349 (2010)
M.C. Duch, G.R.S. Budinger, Y.T. Liang, et al., Minimizing oxidation and stable nanoscale dispersion improves the biocompatibility of graphene in the lung. Nano Lett. 11, 5201–5207 (2011)
L. Feng, S. Zhang, Z. Liu, Graphene based gene transfection. Nanoscale 3, 1252–1257 (2011)
W. Hu, C. Peng, M. Lv, X. Li, et al., Protein corona-mediated mitigation of cytotoxicity of graphene oxide. Acs. Nano. 5, 3693–3700 (2011)
X.T. Zheng, C.M. Li, Restoring basal planes of graphene oxides for highly efficient loading and delivery of beta-lapachone. Mol. Pharmac. 9, 615–621 (2012)
X. Huang, X. Qi, F. Boey, H. Zhang, Graphene-based composites. Chem. Soc. Rev. 41, 666–686 (2012)
W. Chen, P. Yi, Y. Zhang, L. Zhang, Z. Deng, Z. Zhang, Composites of aminodextran-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles and graphene oxide for cellular magnetic resonance imaging. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interf. 3, 4085–4091 (2011)
X.Y. Yang, X.Y. Zhang, Y.F. Ma, Y. Huang, Y.S. Wang, Y. S. Chen, Superparamagnetic graphene oxide-Fe3O4 nanoparticles hybrid for controlled targeted drug carriers. J. Mater. Chem. 19, 2710–2714 (2009)
J. Liu, A.G. Rinzler, H. Dai, R.E. Smalley, et al., Fullerene pipes. Science 280, 1253–1256 (1998)
A.B. Bourlinos, D. Gournis, D. Petridis, T. Szabó, A. Szeri, I. Dékány, Graphite oxide: chemical reduction to graphite and surface modification with primary aliphatic amines and amino acids. Langmuir 19, 6050–6055 (2003)
G. Wang, B. Wang, J. Park, J. Yang, X. Shen, J. Yao, Synthesis of enhanced hydrophilic and hydrophobic graphene oxide nanosheets by a solvothermal method. Carbon 47, 68–72 (2009)
G. Wei, M. Yan, R. Dong, D. Wang, X. Zhou, J. Chen, J. Hao, Covalent modification of reduced graphene oxide by means of diazonium chemistry and use as a drug‐delivery system. Chem. Eur. J. 18, 14708–16 (2012)
E. Bekyarova, M.E. Itkis, R.C. Haddon, et al., Chemical modification of epitaxial graphene: spontaneous grafting of Aryl Groups. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 1336–1337 (2009)
V. Georgakilas, N. Tagmatarchis, D. Pantarotto, A. Bianco, J.-P. Briand, M. Prato, Amino acid functionalisation of water soluble carbon nanotubes. Chem. Commun. 24, 3050–3051 (2002b)
K. Kostarelos, L. Lacerda, G. Pastorin, W. Wu, et al., Cellular uptake of functionalized carbon nanotubes is independent of functional group and cell type. Nat. Nano. 2, 108–113 (2007)
K. Kostarelos, A. Bianco, M. Prato, Promises, facts and challenges for carbon nanotubes in imaging and therapeutics. Nat. Nano. 4, 627–633 (2009)
D. Pantarotto, C.D. Partidos, A. Bianco, et al., Synthesis, structural characterization, and immunological properties of carbon nanotubes functionalized with peptides. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 6160–6164 (2003)
Z. Liu, W. Cai, L. He, N. Nakayama, K. Chen, X. Sun, X. Chen, H. Dai, In vivo biodistribution and highly efficient tumour targeting of carbon nanotubes in mice. Nat. Nano. 2, 47–52 (2007a)
Z. Liu, S.M. Tabakman, Z. Chen, H. Dai, Preparation of carbon nanotube bioconjugates for biomedical applications. Nat. Proto. 4, 1372–1381 (2009c)
S. Stankovich, R.D. Piner, X. Chen, N. Wu, S.T. Nguyen, R.S. Ruoff, Stable aqueous dispersions of graphitic nanoplatelets via the reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide in the presence of poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate). J. Mater. Chem. 16, 155–158 (2006)
N.W.S. Kam, M. O’Connell, J.A. Wisdom, H. Dai, Carbon nanotubes as multifunctional biological transporters and near-infrared agents for selective cancer cell destruction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102, 11600–11605 (2005)
A.A. Shvedova, E.R. Kisin, R. Mercer, et al., Unusual inflammatory and fibrogenic pulmonary responses to single-walled carbon nanotubes in mice. Am. J. Physiol Lung. Cell. Mol. Physiol. 289, L698–L708 (2005)
K. Kostarelos, The long and short of carbon nanotube toxicity. Nat. Biotech. 26, 774–776 (2008)
N.M. Rodriguez, A review of catalytically grown carbon nanofibers. J. Mater. Res. 8, 3233–3250 (1993)
C. Bussy, M. Pinault, J. Cambedouzou, et al., Critical role of surface chemical modifications induced by length shortening on multi-walled carbon nanotubes-induced toxicity. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 9, 1–15 (2012)
A.A. Shvedova, V. Castranova, E.R. Kisin, et al., Exposure to carbon nanotube material: assessment of nanotube cytotoxicity using human keratinocyte cells. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health-Part A. 66, 1909–1926 (2003)
N.W. Shi Kam, T.C. Jessop, P.A. Wender, H. Dai, Nanotube molecular transporters: internalization of carbon nanotube–protein conjugates into mammalian cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 6850–6851 (2004)
X. Zhang, L. Meng, Q. Lu, Z. Fei, P.J. Dyson, Targeted delivery and controlled release of doxorubicin to cancer cells using modified single wall carbon nanotubes. Biomaterials. 30, 6041–6047 (2009)
N.W.S. Kam, H. Dai, Carbon nanotubes as intracellular protein transporters: generality and biological functionality. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 6021–6026 (2005)
N.W.S. Kam, Z. Liu, H. Dai, Carbon nanotubes as intracellular transporters for proteins and DNA: an investigation of the uptake mechanism and pathway. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 45, 577–581 (2006)
V.C. Sanchez, A. Jachak, R.H. Hurt, A.B. Kane, Biological interactions of graphene-family nanomaterials: an interdisciplinary review. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 25, 15–34 (2011)
Y.L. Chang, S.T. Yang, J.H. Liu, et al., In vitro toxicity evaluation of graphene oxide on A549 cells. Toxicol. Lett. 200, 201–210 (2011)
S.R. Ryoo, Y.K. Kim, M.H. Kim, D.H. Min, Behaviors of NIH-3T3 fibroblasts on graphene/carbon nanotubes: proliferation, focal adhesion, and gene transfection studies. Acs. Nano. 4, 6587–6598 (2010)
X.Y. Li, X.L. Huang, D.P. Liu, et al., Synthesis of 3D hierarchical Fe3O4/graphene composites with high lithium storage capacity and for controlled drug delivery. J. Phys. Chem. C. 115, 21567–21573 (2011)
H.W. Liu, S.H. Hu, Y.W. Chen, S.Y. Chen, Characterization and drug release behavior of highly responsive chip-like electrically modulated reduced graphene oxide-poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes. J. Mater. Chem. 22, 17311–17320 (2012a)
S.K. Misra, P. Kondaiah, S. Bhattacharya, C.N.R. Rao, Graphene as a nanocarrier for Tamoxifen induces apoptosis in transformed cancer cell lines of different origins. Small. 8, 131–143 (2012)
K.-H. Liao, Y.-S. Lin, C.W. Macosko, C.L. Haynes, Cytotoxicity of graphene oxide and graphene in human erythrocytes and skin fibroblasts. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 3, 2607–2615 (2011)
S.A. Zhang, K. Yang, L.Z. Feng, Z. Liu, In vitro and in vivo behaviors of dextran functionalized graphene. Carbon. 49, 4040–4049 (2011b)
H. Ali-Boucetta, K.T. Al-Jamal, D. McCarthy, M. Prato, A. Bianco, K. Kostarelos, Multiwalled carbon nanotube-doxorubicin supramolecular complexes for cancer therapeutics. Chem. Commun. 4, 459–461 (2008)
Z. Liu, A.C. Fan, K. Rakhra, H. Dai, et al., Supramolecular stacking of doxorubicin on carbon nanotubes for in vivo cancer therapy. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 48, 7668–7672 (2009a)
H. Huang, Q. Yuan, J.S. Shah, R.D.K. Misra, A new family of folate-decorated and carbon nanotube-mediated drug delivery system: synthesis and drug delivery response. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 63, 1332–1339 (2011a)
G. Pastorin, W. Wu, S. Wieckowski, J.-P. Briand, K. Kostarelos, M. Prato, A. Bianco, Double functionalisation of carbon nanotubes for multimodal drug delivery. Chem. Commun. 11, 1182–1184 (2006)
W. Wu, R. Li, X. Bian, Z. Zhu, D. Ding, X. Li, Z. Jia, X. Jiang, Y. Hu, Covalently combining carbon nanotubes with anticancer agent: preparation and antitumor activity. ACS. Nano. 3, 2740–2750 (2009)
A.A. Bhirde, V. Patel, J. Gavard, et al., Targeted killing of cancer cells in vivo and in vitro with EGF-directed carbon nanotube-based drug delivery. ACS. Nano. 3, 307–116 (2009)
R. Li, R.A. Wu, L. Zhao, M. Wu, L. Yang, H. Zou, P-Glycoprotein antibody functionalized carbon nanotube overcomes the multidrug resistance of human leukemia cells. ACS. Nano. 4, 1399–1408 (2010)
X.Y. Yang, X.Y. Zhang, Z.F. Liu, Y.F. Ma, Y. Huang, Y. Chen, High-efficiency loading and controlled release of doxorubicin hydrochloride on graphene oxide. J. Phys. Chem. C. 112, 17554–17558 (2008b)
S. Pei, H.-M. Cheng, The reduction of graphene oxide. Carbon. 50, 3210–3228 (2012)
H.Q. Hu, J.H. Yu, Y.Y. Li, J. Zhao, H.Q. Dong, Engineering of a novel pluronic F127/graphene nanohybrid for pH responsive drug delivery. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part. A. 100A, 141–148 (2012)
P. Huang, C. Xu, J. Lin, C. Wang, et al., Folic acid-conjugated graphene oxide loaded with photosensitizers for targeting photodynamic therapy. Theranostics. 1, 240–250 (2011b)
Y. Pan, N.G. Sahoo, L. Li, The application of graphene oxide in drug delivery. Exp. Opin. Drug Deliv. 9(11), 1365–1376 (2012)
K. Yang, J.M. Wan, S. Zhang, et al., The influence of surface chemistry and size of nanoscale graphene oxide on photothermal therapy of cancer using ultra-low laser power. Biomaterials. 33, 2206–2214 (2012)
M.J. O’Connell, S.M. Bachilo, et al., Band gap fluorescence from individual single-walled carbon nanotubes. Science. 297, 593–596 (2002)
P. Chakravarty, R. Marches, N.S. Zimmerman, et al., Thermal ablation of tumor cells with antibody-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 105, 8697–8702 (2008)
S.V. Torti, F. Byrne, O. Whelan, P.M. Ajayan, et al., Thermal ablation therapeutics based on CNx multi-walled nanotubes. Int. J. Nanomed. 2, 707 (2007)
A. Burke, X. Ding, R. Singh, et al., Long-term survival following a single treatment of kidney tumors with multiwalled carbon nanotubes and near-infrared radiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 106, 12897–12902 (2009)
K. Yang, S.A. Zhang, G.X. Zhang, X.M. Sun, S.T. Lee, Z.A. Liu, Graphene in mice: ultrahigh in vivo tumor uptake and efficient photothermal therapy. Nano. Lett. 10, 3318–3323 (2010a)
J.T. Robinson, S.M. Tabakman, Y. Liang, et al., Ultrasmall reduced graphene oxide with high near-infrared absorbance for photothermal therapy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 6825–6831 (2011)
Z.M. Markovic, L.M. Harhaji-Trajkovic, et al., In vitro comparison of the photothermal anticancer activity of graphene nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes. Biomaterials. 32, 1121–1129 (2011)
K.P. Loh, Q. Bao, G. Eda, M. Chhowalla, Graphene oxide as a chemically tunable platform for optical applications. Nat. Chem. 2, 1015–1024 (2010)
W. Zhang, Z.Y. Guo, D.Q. Huang, et al., Synergistic effect of chemo-photothermal therapy using PEGylated graphene oxide. Biomaterials. 32, 8555–8561 (2011c)
B. Tian, C. Wang, S. Zhang, L.Z. Feng, Z. Liu, Photothermally enhanced photodynamic therapy delivered by nano-graphene oxide. ACS. Nano. 5, 7000–7009 (2011)
A. Montellano, T. Da Ros, A. Bianco, M. Prato, Fullerene C60 as a multifunctional system for drug and gene delivery. Nanoscale. 3, 4035–4041 (2011)
X.-J. Liang, H. Meng, Y. Wang, et al., Metallofullerene nanoparticles circumvent tumor resistance to cisplatin by reactivating endocytosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 107, 7449–7454 (2010)
T.Y. Zakharian, A. Seryshev, B. Sitharaman, et al., A fullerene-paclitaxel chemotherapeutic: synthesis, characterization, and study of biological activity in tissue culture. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 12508–12509 (2005)
K.A. Gonzalez, L.J. Wilson, W. Wu, G.H. Nancollas, Synthesis and In vitro characterization of a tissue-Selective fullerene: vectoring C60(OH)16 AMBP to mineralized bone. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 10, 1991–1997 (2002)
S. Foley, C. Crowley, M. Smaihi, et al., Cellular localisation of a water-soluble fullerene derivative. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 294, 116–119 (2002)
J. Ashcroft, D. Tsyboulski, Fullerene (C60) immunoconjugates: interaction of water-soluble C60 derivatives with the murine anti-gp240 melanoma antibody. Chem. Commun. 28, 3004–3006 (2006)
J. Shi, H. Zhang, L. Wang, L. Li, et al., PEI-derivatized fullerene drug delivery using folate as a homing device targeting to tumor. Biomaterials. 34(1), 251–261 (2013)
S. Ray, A. Saha, N.R. Jana, R. Sarkar, Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and bioimaging application. J. Phys. Chem. C. 113, 18546–18551 (2009)
L. Cao, X. Wang, M.J. Meziani, F. LU, et al., Carbon dots for multiphoton bioimaging. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 129, 11318–11319 (2007)
S.N. Baker, G.A. Baker, Luminescent carbon nanodots: emergent nanolights. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 49, 6726–6744 (2012)
W. Choi, I. Lahiri, R. Seelaboyina, Y.S. Kang, Synthesis of graphene and its applications. Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. 35, 52–71 (2010)
C.H. Lu, H.H. Yang, C.L. Zhu, X. Chen, G.N. Chen, A graphene platform for sensing biomolecules. Angew. Chem. 121, 4879–4881 (2009)
C.H. Lu, C.L. Zhu, J. Li, J.J. Liu, X. Chen, H.H. Yang, Using graphene to protect DNA from cleavage during cellular delivery. Chem. Commun. 46, 3116–3118 (2010)
S.-T. Yang, X. Wang, G. Jia, Y. Gu, et al., Long-term accumulation and low toxicity of single-walled carbon nanotubes in intravenously exposed mice. Toxicol. Lett. 181, 182–189 (2008a)
M. Zheng, A. Jagota, E.D. Semke, et al., Nat. Mater. 2, 338–342 (2003)
J. Liu, L. Cui, D. Losic, Graphene and graphene oxide as new nanocarriers for drug delivery applications. Acta Biomater. 9(12), 9243–9257 (2013)
W. Liang, J. K. W. Lam, Endosomal escape pathways for non-viral nucleic acid delivery systems. INTECH Open Access Publisher, 421–467 (2012)
D. B. Mawhinney, V. Naumenko, V. Kuznetsova, et al., Infrared spectral evidence for the etching of carbon nanotubes: ozone oxidation at 298 K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122(10), 2383–2384 (2000)
M. Zheng, A. Jagota, E. D. Semke, et al., DNA-assisted dispersion and separation of carbon nanotubes. Nat Mater 2(5), 338–342 (2003)
R. J. Chen, Y. Zhang, D. Wang, et al., Noncovalent sidewall functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes for protein immobilization. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123(16), 3838–3839 (2001)
A. Schinwald, K. Donaldson, Use of back-scatter electron signals to visualise cell/nanowires interactions in vitro and in vivo; frustrated phagocytosis of long fibres in macrophages and compartmentalisation in mesothelial cells in vivo. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 9, (2012)
R. Maeda-Mamiya, E. Noiri, H. Isobe, W. Nakanishi, K. Okamoto, K. Doi, T. Sugaya, T. Izumi, T. Homma, E. Nakamura, In vivo gene delivery by cationic tetraamino fullerene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 107, 5339–5344 (2010)
Acknowledgment
JL acknowledges the Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (51173087), National Science Foundation (NSF) of Shandong (ZR2011EMM001), NSF of Qingdao (12-1-4-2-2-jc), and the Taishan Scholar fund from Shandong Province for financial support. DL acknowledges the support for Australian Future Fellowship (FT 110100711) from the Australian Research Council (ARC) and ARC Discovery grant (DP 120101680).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wang, Y., Liu, J., Cui, L., Losic, D. (2016). Cytotoxicity, Drug Delivery, and Photothermal Therapy of Functionalized Carbon Nanomaterials. In: Zhang, M., Naik, R., Dai, L. (eds) Carbon Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications. Springer Series in Biomaterials Science and Engineering, vol 5. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22861-7_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22861-7_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-22860-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-22861-7
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)