Abstract
The main benefits of road automation will be obtained when cars will drive themselves with or without passengers on-board and on any kind of roads, especially in urban areas. This will allow the creation of new transport services—forms of shared mobility, which will enable seamless mobility from door to door without the need of owning a vehicle. To enable this vision, vehicles will not just need to become “autonomous” when automated; they will need to become part of an Automated Road Transport System (ARTS). The CityMobil2 EC project mission is progressing toward this vision defining and demonstrating the legal and technical frameworks necessary to enable ARTS on the roads. After a thorough revision of the literature which allows us to state that automation will perform its best when it will be full-automation and vehicles will be allowed to circulate in urban environments, the paper identifies where these transport systems perform their best, with medium size vehicle as on-demand transport services feeding conventional mass transits in the suburbs of large cities, on radial corridors as complementary mass transits with large busses and platoons of them and as main public transport for small cities with personal vehicles; then defines the infrastructural requirements to insert safely automated vehicles and transport systems in urban areas. Finally it defines the vehicle technical requirements to do so.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
The traditional PRT concept is to keep the entire network dedicated and segregated to the point that most PRT networks are conceived on elevated monorails; however the same concept might apply using road lanes unnecessarily fully segregated and this concept has been exploited here.
- 2.
This was among the first clearance valid on public areas in Europe, allowing the system to operate on the final site for test purposes without passengers.
- 3.
CityMobil2 concentrated on roads classified by TRB Highway capacity manual as (C) arterial road (D) urban street (E) collector street and (F) Walkway.
- 4.
Swedish Traffic Accident Data Acquisition database.
- 5.
Such as buildings, vegetation or containers.
- 6.
This actually means that it was agreed with the ARTS manufacturers not to make this requirement mandatory for the demonstration fleets of CityMobil2 and make it so in the draft legal framework the project is preparing for the EC future approval.
- 7.
This system runs on a segregated guide-way and therefore is only partially a reference for CityMobil2’s on-the-road applications.
References
Marshall JW (2013) NHTSA role in the future of automated vehicles. Paper presentation given Monday, 15 July 2013 at the 2013 AAMVA region I conference in Dover, DE. http://www.aamva.org/uploadedFiles/MainSite/Content/EventsEducation/Event_Materials/2013/2013_Region_I_Conference/Monday_July_15_Presentations/2%20-%20AutonomousVehiclesOverview.pdf
SAE (2013) On-road automated vehicle standards committee open meeting, handout: definitions and levels of automation. TRB’s 2nd annual workshop on road vehicle automation, 15–19 July 2013, Stanford University. Available on-line at: https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnx2ZWhpY2xlYXV0b21hdGlvbndvcmtzaG9wfGd4OjNkZmMyZmI3OGFmOGU5YmM
Piao J, McDonald M (2008) Advanced driver assistance systems from autonomous to cooperative approach. Transp Rev: Transnational Transdisciplinary J 28(5):659–684. doi:10.1080/01441640801987825
Stanton NA, Young MS (1998) Vehicle automation and driving performance. Ergonomics 41(7):1014–1028. doi:10.1080/001401398186568
Stanton NA, Young MS, Walker GH, Turner H, Randle S (2001) Automating the driver’s control tasks. Int J Cogn Ergon 5(3):221–236
Young MS, Stanton NA (2007) Back to the future: brake reaction times for manual and automated vehicles. Ergonomics 50(1):46–58. doi:10.1080/00140130600980789
Young MS, Stanton NA (2007) What’s skill got to do with it? Vehicle automation and driver mental workload. Ergonomics 50(8):1324–1339. doi:10.1080/00140130701318855
Vander Werf J, Shladover SE, Miller MA, Kourjanskaia N (2002) Effects of adaptive cruise control systems on highway traffic flow capacity. Transp Res Rec: J Transp Res Board 1800(1)
Smith BW (2012) Automated vehicles are probably legal in the United States. The Center for Internet and Society, Stanford, 1 Nov 2012
Psaraki V, Pagoni I, Schafer A (2012) Techno-economic assessment of the potential of intelligent transport systems to reduce CO2 emissions. IET Intell Transp Syst 6(4):355–363
Klunder GA, Malone K, Mak J et al (2009) Impact of information and communication technologies on energy efficiency in road transport—final report. TNO report for the European Commission, Delft, The Netherlands
Tsugawa S, Kato S (2010) Energy ITS: another application of vehicular communications. IEEE Commun Mag 48:120–126
Davila A (2013) Report on fuel consumption. Deliverable 4.3 of SARTRE European Project, 15 Jan 2013
Cottrel WD, Mikosza O (2008) New-generation personal rapid transit technologies: overview and comparison. Transp Res Rec: J Transp Res Board 2042:101–108 cat. Public Transportation
Benmimoun A, Lowson M, Marques A, Giustiniani G, Parent M (2009) Demonstration of advanced transport applications in CityMobil project. Transp Res Rec: J Transp Res Board 2110:9–17 cat. Public Transportation
Parent M (2006) New technologies for sustainable urban transportation in Europe. Transp Res Rec: J Transp Res Board 1986:78–80 cat. Public Transportation
Alessandrini A, Parent M, Holguin C (2008) Advanced city cars, PRT and cybercars, new forms of urban transportation. In: Proceedings of the transport research arena (TRA) Europe Conference, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Parent M (2009) Cybercars: new technologies for sustainable transport. In: Proceedings of the Transport Research Board conference, Washington DC
Filippi F, Alessandrini A, Stam D, Chanard T, Janse M (2004) Final evaluation report. Deliverable D6.3, CyberMove EU Project. CityMobil project website: www.citymobi-project.eu
CITYMOBIL CONSORTIUM (2006) CityMobil evaluation framework. Deliverable D5.1.1 of CityMobil project
CITYMOBIL CONSORTIUM (2010) Field trial B ex-ante evaluation report. Deliverable D5.2.1b of CityMobil project
CITYMOBIL CONSORTIUM (2010) Evaluation report for the ex-ante study. Deliverable D5.3.1b of CityMobil project
CityMobil2 project website: www.citymobil2.eu
Koymans A, Llimao S (2013) Functional specifications of vehicles and related services. Deliverable 15.1 of the EC FP5 project CityMobil2
Pace JF et al (2012) Basic fact sheet “urban areas”. Deliverable D3.9 of the EC FP7 project DaCoTa
NHTSA (2012) Traffic safety facts, 2010 data—pedestrians. DOT HS 811 625, Washington DC. Available online: http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/811625.pdf
Pace JF et al (2011) Traffic safety basic facts “pedestrians”. EC FP7 project DaCoTa
Naumann R, Beck L (2013) Motor vehicle traffic-related pedestrian deaths—United States, 2001–2010, Centers for Disease Control and prevention. MMWR 62(15):277–282
van Dijke JP et al (2004) Safe sites and systems. Deliverable 3.2 of the EC FP5 project CyberMove
Giustiniani G, Buccino NM et al (2011) Certification of the CTS. Deliverable 1.3.1.5 of the EC FP6 project CityMobil, p 9
Huang S, Yang J, Eklund F (2008) Evaluation of remote pedestrian sensor system based on the analysis of car-pedestrian accident scenarios. Saf Sci 46(9):1345–1355
Habibovic A, Davidsson J (2011) Requirements of a system to reduce car-to-vulnerable road user crashes in urban intersections. Accid Anal Prev 43(4):1570–1580
Gandhi T, Trivedi MM (2007) Pedestrian protection systems: issues, survey and challenges. IEEE Trans Int Transp Syst 8(3):413–430
Bly P, Lowson MV (2010) Deliverable 1.2.2.1 of the EC FP6 project CityMobil
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Alessandrini, A., Cattivera, A., Holguin, C., Stam, D. (2014). CityMobil2: Challenges and Opportunities of Fully Automated Mobility. In: Meyer, G., Beiker, S. (eds) Road Vehicle Automation. Lecture Notes in Mobility. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05990-7_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05990-7_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-05989-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-05990-7
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)