3D Printing of Shape Memory Polymers: Embedding Nichrome-Wires to Enhance Their Performance

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Selected Topics in Manufacturing

Abstract

Shape memory polymers (SMPs) has recently gained popularity in the 3D printing field: the possibility to 3D print polymers capable to change their shape when triggered by a certain temperature, can lead to the fabrication of programmable structures. So far, the usage of solutions such as oven and warm water have been used to activate SMP, resulting in a lack of feasibility and difficult to be employed in real-life scenarios. In the present paper the authors propose a method to embed electrical nichrome-wires inside the 3D printed SMP during the fabrication process, in order to make the activation step easier, more feasible and faster. Several motions were reached when the 3D printed SMPs were activated, resulting appealing for the fabrication of soft robots. Moreover, complex structures made up of SMP material and flexible joint were also manufactured, proving that the proposed manufacturing method can be used to fabricate grippers and walking soft robots.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (Canada)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (Canada)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (Canada)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Stano G, Percoco G (2021) Additive manufacturing aimed to soft robots fabrication: a review. Extrem Mech Lett 42:101079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eml.2020.101079

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Mitchell A, Lafont U, Hołyńska M, Semprimoschnig C (2018) Additive manufacturing—a review of 4D printing and future applications. Addit Manuf 24:606–626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.10.038

  3. Tawk C, Alici G (2021) A review of 3D‐printable soft pneumatic actuators and sensors: research challenges and opportunities. Adv Intell Syst 3. https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202000223

  4. Pavone A, Stano G, Percoco G (2023) One-shot 3D printed soft device actuated using metal-filled channels and sensed with embedded strain gauge, 3D print. Addit Manuf. https://doi.org/10.1089/3dp.2022.0263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Tawk C, Gillett A, Spinks GM, Alici G (2019) A 3D-printed omni-purpose soft gripper. 35(5):1268–1275

    Google Scholar 

  6. Huang C, Lv JA, Tian X, Wang Y, Yu Y, Liu J (2015) Miniaturized swimming soft robot with complex movement actuated and controlled by remote light signals. Sci Rep 5(July):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep17414

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Chen T, Shea K (2018) An autonomous programmable actuator and shape reconfigurable structures using bistability and shape memory polymers, 3D print. Addit Manuf 5(2):91–101. https://doi.org/10.1089/3dp.2017.0118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Bodkhe S, Vigo L, Zhu S, Testoni O, Aegerter N, Ermanni P (2020) 3D printing to integrate actuators into composites. Addit Manuf 35:101290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101290

  9. Aksoy B, Shea H (2022) Multistable shape programming of variable-stiffness electromagnetic devices. Sci Adv 8(21):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abk0543

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Mehrpouya M, Vahabi H, Janbaz S, Darafsheh A, Mazur TR, Ramakrishna S (2021) 4D printing of shape memory polylactic acid (PLA). Polymer (Guildf) 230:124080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124080

  11. Ji Q, Wang XV, Wang L, Feng L (2022) Online reinforcement learning for the shape morphing adaptive control of 4D printed shape memory polymer. Control Eng Pract 126:105257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conengprac.2022.105257

  12. Suethao S, Prasopdee T, Buaksuntear K, Shah DU, Smitthipong W (2022) Recent developments in shape memory elastomers for biotechnology applications. Polymers (Basel). 14(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14163276

  13. Koualiarella A et al (2020) Tuning of shape memory polymer properties by controlling 3D printing strategy. CIRP Ann 69(1):213–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2020.04.070

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Valvez S, Reis PNB, Susmel L, Berto F (2021) Fused filament fabrication-4d-printed shape memory polymers: a review. Polymers (Basel) 13(5):1–25. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13050701

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Leonés A, Sonseca A, López D, Fiori S, Peponi L (2019) Shape memory effect on electrospun PLA-based fibers tailoring their thermal response. Eur Polym J 117(May):217–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.05.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Du L et al (2020) From a body temperature-triggered reversible shape-memory material to high-sensitive bionic soft actuators. Appl Mater Today 18:100463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2019.100463

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Pandini S et al (2012) Two-way reversible shape memory behaviour of crosslinked poly(ε-caprolactone). Polymer (Guildf) 53(9):1915–1924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2012.02.053

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Bai Y, Zhang X, Wang Q, Wang T (2014) A tough shape memory polymer with triple-shape memory and two-way shape memory properties. J Mater Chem A 2(13):4771–4778. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3TA15117D

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Melly SK, Liu L, Liu Y, Leng J (2020) Active composites based on shape memory polymers: overview, fabrication methods, applications, and future prospects. J Mater Sci 55(25):10975–11051. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-04761-w

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Stano G, Ovy SMAI, Edwards JR, Cianchetti M, Percoco G, Tadesse Y (2022) One-shot additive manufacturing of robotic finger with embedded sensing and actuation. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 467–485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-022-10556-x

  21. Takashima K, Sugitani K, Morimoto N, Sakaguchi S, Noritsugu T, Mukai T (2014) Pneumatic artificial rubber muscle using shape-memory polymer sheet with embedded electrical heating wire. Smart Mater Struct 23(12):125005. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/23/12/125005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Nam S, Pei E (2020) The influence of shape changing behaviors from 4D printing through material extrusion print patterns and infill densities. Materials (Basel) 13(17). https://doi.org/10.3390/MA13173754

  23. Huang X, Panahi-Sarmad M, Dong K, Li R, Chen T, **ao X (2021) Tracing evolutions in electro-activated shape memory polymer composites with 4D printing strategies: a systematic review. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 147:106444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2021.106444

  24. Cesarano F, Maurizi M, Gao C, Berto F, Penta F, Bertolin C (2022) Science direct structural science direct science direct preliminary optimization of shape memory polymers geometric Preliminary optimization shape memory geometric parameters to enhance of the thermal loads’ polymers activation range parameters loads’ acti. Procedia Struct Integr 42(2019):1282–1290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2022.12.163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Ehrmann G, Ehrmann A (2021) Investigation of the shape-memory properties of 3D printed pla structures with different infills. Polymers (Basel) 13(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13010164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Roudbarian N, Baniasadi M, Nayyeri P, Ansari M, Hedayati R, Baghani M (2021) Enhancing shape memory properties of multi-layered and multi-material polymer composites in 4D printing. Smart Mater Struct 30(10). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/ac1b3b

  27. Yang Y, Chen Y, Wei Y, Li Y (2016) 3D printing of shape memory polymer for functional part fabrication. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 84(9–12):2079–2095. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-7843-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Mao Y, Yu K, Isakov MS, Wu J, Dunn ML, Jerry Qi H (2015) Sequential self-folding structures by 3D printed digital shape memory polymers. Sci Rep 5:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep13616

  29. Yamamura S, Iwase E (2021) Hybrid hinge structure with elastic hinge on self-folding of 4D printing using a fused deposition modeling 3D printer. Mater Des 203:109605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109605

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Kilbourne BM, Hutchinson JR (2019) Morphological diversification of biomechanical traits: mustelid locomotor specializations and the macroevolution of long bone cross-sectional morphology. BMC Evol Biol 19(1):1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-019-1349-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Dey A, Yodo N (2019) A systematic survey of FDM process parameter optimization and their influence on part characteristics. J Manuf Mater Process 3(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp3030064

  32. MacDonald E, Wicker R (2016) Multiprocess 3D printing for increasing component functionality. Science (80) 353(6307):aaf2093. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf2093

  33. Dairabayeva D, Perveen A, Talamona D (2022) Investigation on the mechanical performance of mono-material versus multi-material interface geometries using fused filament fabrication. Rapid Prototyp J 29(11):40–52. https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-07-2022-0221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Stano G, Ovy SMAI, Percoco G, Zhang R, Lu H, Tadesse Y (2023) Additive manufacturing for bioinspired structures: experimental study to improve the multimaterial adhesion between soft and stiff materials, 3D print. Addit Manuf. https://doi.org/10.1089/3dp.2022.0186

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Antonio Pavone .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Stano, G., Pavone, A., Percoco, G. (2024). 3D Printing of Shape Memory Polymers: Embedding Nichrome-Wires to Enhance Their Performance. In: Carrino, L., Galantucci, L.M., Settineri, L. (eds) Selected Topics in Manufacturing. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41163-2_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41163-2_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-41162-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-41163-2

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Navigation