SpringerLink
Log in

Nanotechnology: Emerging Opportunities and Regulatory Aspects in Water Treatment

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Advanced Functional Nanoparticles "Boon or Bane" for Environment Remediation Applications

Part of the book series: Environmental Contamination Remediation and Management ((ENCRMA))

Abstract

Nanotechnology is emerging as one of the innovative technologies, which involves the controlled synthesis of structures, materials, and devices in the nano range. Nanomaterials have shown their competence in almost all fields of science due to their entirely different functional properties than bulk counterparts. Environmental nanotechnology is a revolutionary field of science and technology that involves the use of nanomaterials for environmental applications. In this era, the most worrying issue of global concern are water scarcity, which is becoming more intense day by day due to increasing human population, civilization, environmental changes, agricultural activities, and industrialization. The conventional water treatment approaches like coagulation, flocculation, activated carbon adsorption, ozonation, and membrane processing are not competent to remove all the contaminants from wastewater, which necessitate the emergence of develo** novel water treatment technologies to overcome this social issue. In view of these, nanotechnology is one of the promising tools to solve the problems of water purification and wastewater treatment. The competency of nanomaterials is due to their high reactivity, large specific surface area, affinity for specific target contaminants, size-dependent properties, and a high degree of functionalization of engineered nanoforms. Different nanomaterials are used in the past for the detection and removal of chemical and biological contaminants. The toxic effect of nanomaterials on ecology and human health is a critical concern in their selection for commercial applications. Hence, regulatory guidelines should be adopted before the marketing of nanoengineered products. This chapter covers diverse applications of nanotechnology in different sectors, the action mechanism of nanomaterials, conventional and advanced tools for wastewater treatment, and the application of nanotechnology in water purification and wastewater treatment. Further, attention is paid to safety issues with the use of nanomaterials along with regulatory aspects. The commercial processes of nano-based materials related to water application will also be addressed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
EUR 29.95
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
EUR 85.59
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
EUR 74.89
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
EUR 106.99
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abobatta WF (2018) Nanotechnology applications in agriculture. Acta Sci Agric 2(6):99–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Agarwal S, Sadegh H, Monajjemi M, Hamdy AS, Ali GA, Memar AO, Ghoshekandi RS, Tyagi I, Gupta VK (2016) Efficient removal of toxic bromothymol blue and methylene blue from wastewater by polyvinyl alcohol. J Mol Liq 218:191–197

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed F, Santos CM, Vergara R, Tria MCR, Advincula R, Rodrigues DF (2012) Antimicrobial applications of electroactive PVK-SWNT nanocomposites. Environ Sci Technol 46(3):1804–1810

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aksay IA (1992) Hierarchically structures materials. MRS Proceeding, p 255

    Google Scholar 

  • Algarra M, Jimenez JJ, Tost RM, Campos BB, Silva JCGE (2011) CdS nanocomposites assembled in porous phosphate heterostructures for fingerprint detection. Opt Mater 33(6):893–898

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ali I (2012) New generation adsorbents for water treatment. Chem Rev 112(10):5073–5091

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amin MT, Alazba AA, Manzoor U (2014) A review of removal of pollutants from water/wastewater using different types of nanomaterials. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2014:1–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anjum M, Miandad R, Waqas M, Gehany F, Barakat MA (2016) Remediation of wastewater using various nano-materials. Arab J Chem 12(8):4897–4919

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aragon M, Kottenstette R, Dwyer B, Aragon A, Everett R, Holub W, Siegel M, Wright J (2007) Arsenic pilot plant operation and results. Sandia National Laboratories, Anthony

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Arbabi M, Hemati S, Amiri M (2015) Removal of lead ions from industrial wastewater: a review of removal methods. Int J Epidemiol Res 2(2):105–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Aziz N, Faraz M, Sherwani MA, Fatrna T, Prasad R (2019) Illuminating the anticancerous efficiency of a new fungal chassis for silver nanoparticle synthesis. Front Chem 7(65):1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Badreddine K, Kazah I, Rekaby M, Award R (2018) Structural, morphological, optical, and room temperature magnetic characterization on pure and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles. J Nanomater 2018:1–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bai H, Liu Z, Sun DD (2012) Hierarchical ZnO nanostructured membrane for multifunctional environmental applications. Colloid Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 410(20):11–17

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banoee M, Seif S, Nazari ZE, Fesharaki PJ, Shahverdi HR, Moballegh A, Moghaddam KM, Shahverdi AR (2010) ZnO nanoparticles enhanced antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 93(2):557–561

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berekaa MM (2015) Nanotechnology in food industry: advances in food processing, packaging and food safety. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 4(5):345–357

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berekaa MM (2016) Nanotechnology in wastewater treatment: influence of nanomaterials on microbial systems. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 5(1):713–726

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beyth N, Haddad YH, Domb A, Khan W, Hazan R (2015) Alternative antimicrobial approach: nano-antimicrobial materials. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2015:1–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bharathi P, Balasubramanian N, Anitha S, Vijayabharathi V, Bhuvenswari (2016) Improvement of membrane system for water treatment by synthesized gold nanoparticles. J Environ Biol 37:1407–1414

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharya D, Gupta RK (2005) Nanotechnology and potential of microorganisms. Crit Rev Biotechnol 25(4):199–204

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhuyan T, Mishra K, Khanuja M, Prasad R, Varma A (2015) Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from Azadirachta indica for antibacterial and photocatalytic applications. Mater Sci Semicond Process 32:55–61

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop J (1990) Surface modified drug nanoparticles. US Patent application. Docket 61894 Filed 9/17/90

    Google Scholar 

  • Boanini E, Torricelli P, Gazzano M, Giardino R, Bigi A (2006) Nanocomposites of hydroxyapatite with aspartic acid and glutamic acid and their interaction with osteoblast-like cells. Biomaterials 27(25):4428–4433

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bokare V, Jung JL, Chang YY, Chang YS (2013) Reductive dechlorination of octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin by nanosized zero-valent zinc: modeling and rate kinetics and congener profile. J Hazard Mater 250–251:397–402

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonvin F, Jost L, Randin L, Bonvin E, Kohn T (2016) Super-fine powdered activated carbon (SPAC) for efficient removal of micropollutants from wastewater treatment plant effluent. Water Res 90:90–99

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BRSNL (Bureau of Reclamation ad Sandia National Laboratories), US (2003) Desalination and water purification technology roadmap a report of the executive committee. Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, Arlington VA, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Bumbudsanpharoke N, Ko S (2015) Nano-food packaging: an overview of market, migration research, and safety regulations. J Food Sci 80(5):910–922

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campos AFC, Aquino R, Cotta TAPG, Tourinho FA, Depeyrot J (2011) Using speciation diagrams to improve synthesis of magnetic nanosorbents for environmental applications. Bull Mater Sci 34(7):1357–1361

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter AW, Lannoy CF, Wiesner MR (2015) Cellulose materials in water treatment technologies. Environ Sci Technol 49(9):5277–5287

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang YC, Chang SW, Chen DH (2006) Magnetic chitosan nanoparticles: studies on chitosan binding and adsorption of Co(II)ions. React Funct Polym 66(3):335–341

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaturvedi S, Dave PN (2019) Water purification using nanotechnology an emerging opportunity. Chem Methodol 3:115–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Chitra K, Annadurai G (2014) Antibacterial activity of pH-dependent biosynthesized silver nanoparticles against clinical pathogen. Biomed Res Int 2014:1–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cho M, Cates EL, Kim J (2011) Inactivation and surface interactions of MS 2 bacteriophage in a TiO2 photoelectrolytic reactor. Water Res 45(5):2104–2110

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choi H, Stathatos E, Dionysiou DD (2006) Sol-gel preparation of mesoporous photocatalytic TiO2 films and TiO2/Al2O3 composite membranes for environmental applications. Appl Catal B-Environ 63(1–2):60–67

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corsi I, Nielse MW, Sethi R, Punta C, Torre CD, Libralato G, Cinuzzi F (2018) Ecofriendly nanotechnologies and nanomaterials for environmental applications: key issue and consensus recommendations for sustainable and ecosafe nanoremediation. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 154:237–244

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crane RA, Scott TB (2012) Nanoscale zero-valent iron: future prospects for an emerging water treatment technology. J Hazard Mater 211–212:112–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crooks RM, Zhao MQ, Sun L, Chechik V, Yeung LK (2001) Dendrimer-encapsulated metal nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and applications to catalysis. Acc Chem Res 34(3):181–190

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das R, Ali ME, Hamid SBA, Ramakrishna S, Chowdhury ZZ (2014a) Carbon nanotube membranes for water purification: a bright future in water desalination. Desalination 336:97–109

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das R, Hamid SBA, Ali ME, Ismail AF, Annuar MSM, Ramakrishna S (2014b) Multifunctional carbon nanotubes in water treatment: the present, past and future. Desalination 354:160–179

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dehghani MH, Taher MM, Bajpai AK, Heibati B, Tyagi I, Asif M, Agarwal S, Gupta VK (2015) Removal of noxious Cr(VI) ions using single walled carbon nanotubes and multi walled carbon nanotubes. Chem Eng J 279:344–352

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deliyanni EA, Bakoyannakis DN, Zouboulis AI, Matis KA (2003) Sorption of As(V) ions by akaganeite type nanocrystals. Chemosphere 50(1):155–163

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deliyanni EA, Peleka EN, Matis KA (2007) Removal of zinc ion from water by sorption on iron-based nanoadsorbent. J Hazard Mater 141(1):176–184

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diallo MS, Christie S, Swaminathan P, Johnson JH, Goddard WA (2005) Dendrimer enhanced ultrafiltration, recovery of Cu(II) from aqueous solutions using PAMAM dendrimers with ethylene diamine core and terminal NH2 groups. Environ Sci Technol 39(5):1366–1377

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dinali R, Ebrahiminezhad A, Harris MM, Ghasemi Y, Berenjian A (2017) Iron oxide nanoparticles in modern microbiology and biotechnology. Crit Rev Microbiol 43(4):493–507

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doyle ME (2006) Nanotechnology: a brief literature review. Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, pp 1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Dutta D, Thakur D, Bahadur D (2015) SnO2 quantum dots decorated silica nanoparticles for fast removal of cationic dye (methylene blue) from wastewater. Chem Eng J 281:482–490

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • EC (European Commission) (2011) Commission recommendation of 18 October 2011 on the definition of nanomaterial (2011/696/EU). Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:275:0038:0040:EN:PDF. Accessed on 20 Jan 2020

  • Elimelech M, Phillip WA (2011) The future of seawater desalination: energy, technology, and the environment. Science 333(6043):712–717

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elmizadeh H, Soleimani M, Faridbod F, Bardajee GR (2018) A sensitive nano-sensor based on synthetic ligand-coated CdTe quantum dots for rapid detection of Cr(III) ions in water and wastewater samples. Colloid Polym Sci 296(9):1581–1590

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), US (1999) Alternative disinfectants and oxidants guidance manual. EPA Office of Water Report 815-R-99-014. Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, Arlington VA, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), US (2015) Control of nanoscale materials under the toxic substances control. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/reviewing-new-chemicals-under-toxic-substances-control-act-tsca/control-nanoscale-materials-under. Accessed on 24 Nov 2019

  • EPC (European Parliament and Council) (2000) Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for community action in the field of water policy. Available from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32000L0060. Accessed on 03 March 2023

  • Esawi AMK, Morsi K, Sayed A, Taher M, Lanka S (2010) Effect of carbon nanotube (CNT) content on the mechanical properties of CNT-reinforced aluminum composites. Compos Sci Technol 70(16):2237–2241

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feng L, Cao M, Ma X, Zhu Y, Hu C (2012) Superparamagnetic high-surface area Fe3O4 nanoparticles as adsorbents for arsenic removal. J Hazard Mater 217–218:439–446

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foguel MV, Pedro NTB, Zanoni MVB, Sotomayor MDPT (2017) Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP): a promising recognition system for development of optical sensor for textile dyes. Procedia Tech 27:299–300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frechet JMJ, Tomalia DA (2001) Dendrimers and other dendritic polymers. Wiley, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Fu F, Dionysiou DD, Liu H (2014) The use of zero-valent iron for groundwater remediation and wastewater treatment: a review. J Hazard Mater 267:194–205

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gao XH, Chan WCW, Nie SM (2002) Quantum-dot nanocrystals for ultrasensitive biological labeling and multi-color optical encoding. J Biomed Opt 7(4):532–537

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner J, Dhai A (2014) Nanotechnology and water: ethical and regulatory considerations. In: Mishra AK (ed) Application of nanotechnology in water research. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 1–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Gehrke I, Geiser A, Schulz AS (2015) Innovations in nanotechnology for water treatment. Nanotech Sci Appl 8:1–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghaedi M, Khajehsharifi H, Yadkuri AH, Roosta M, Asghari A (2012) Oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes as efficient adsorbent for bromothymol blue. Toxicol Environ Chem 94(5):873–883

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghorbani M, Eisazadeh H, Ghoreyshi AA (2012) Removal of zinc ions from aqueous solution using polyaniline nanocomposite coated on rice husk. Iran J Energy Environ 3(1):83–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh A, Nayak AK, Pal A (2017) Nano-particle mediated wastewater treatment: a review. Curr Pollut Rep 3(1):17–30

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graveland BJF, Kruif CG (2006) Unique milk protein based nanotubes: food and nanotechnology meet. Trends Food Sci Technol 17(5):196–203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guan X, Sun Y, Qin H, Li J, Lo IM, He D, Dong H (2015) The limitations of applying zero-valent iron technology in contaminants sequestration and the corresponding counter measures: the development in zero-valent iron technology the last two decades (1994–2014). Water Res 75:224–248

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guerra F, Attia M, Whitehead D, Alexis F (2018) Nanotechnology for environmental remediation: materials and applications. Molecules 23(7):1–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gunatilake SK (2015) Methods of removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater. Methods 1(1):12–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Hajkova P, Spatenka P, Horsky J, Horska I, Kolouch A (2007) Photocatalytic effect of TiO2 films on viruses and bacteria. Plasma Process Polym 4(S1):S397–S401

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamad AF, Han JH, Kim BC, Rather IA (2018) The interwine of nanotechnology with food industry. Saudi J Biol Sci 25:27–30

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey JMH (2015) Nanoforensics: forensic application of nanotechnology in illicit drug detection. J Forensic Res 6(5):106

    Google Scholar 

  • Hashim DP, Narayanan NT, Herrera JMR, Cullen DA, Hahm MG, Lezzi P, Suttle JR, Kelkhoff D, Sandoval EM, Ganguli S, Roy AK, Smith DJ, Vajtai R, Sumpter BG, Meunier V, Terrones H, Terrones M, Ajayan PM (2012) Covalently bonded three-dimensional carbon nanotube solids via boron induced nanoconjunctions. Sci Rep 2:363

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horizon (2020) Work programme 2014–2015. 5. Leadership in enabling and industrial technologies. II. Nanotechnologies, Advanced materials, biotechnology and advanced manufacturing and processing. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2014_2015/main/h2020-wp1415-leit-nmp_en.pdf. Accessed on 20 Jan 2020

  • Hristovski K, Baumgardener A, Westerhoff P (2007) Selecting metal oxide nanoparticles for arsenic removal in fixed bed columns: from nanoparticles to aggregated nanoparticles media. J Hazard Mater 147(1–2):265–274

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hristovski KD, Nguyen H, Westerhoff PK (2009) Removal of arsenite and 17-ethinyl estradiol (EE2) by iron (hydr)oxide modified activated carbon fibers. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 44(4):354–361

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • http://www.nanoH2O.com. Accessed on 15 Jan 2020

  • http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=4662.php. Accessed on 15 Jan 2020

  • http://www.purifics.com/. Accessed on 15 Jan 2020

  • Huang Q, Yu H, Ru Q (2010) Bioavailability and delivery of nutraceuticals using nanotechnology. J Food Sci 75(1):R50–R57

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hubbs AF, Mercer RR, Benkovic SA, Harkema J, Sriram K, Berry DS, Goravanahally MP, Nurkiewicz TR, Castranova V, Sargent LM (2011) Nanotoxicology-pathologist’s perspective. Toxicol Pathol 39(2):301–324

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hussain I, Singh NB, Singh A, Singh H, Singh SC (2016) Green synthesis of nanoparticles and its potential application. Biotechnol Lett 38(4):545–560

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim SM, Badawy AA, Essawy HA (2019) Improvement of dyes removal from aqueous solution by nanosized cobalt ferrite treated with humic acid during coprecipitation. J Nanostructure Chem 9:281–298

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ito A, Shinkai M, Honda H, Kobayashi T (2005) Medical application of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. J Biosci Bioeng 100(1):1–11

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jain P, Pradeep T (2005) Potential of silver nanoparticle-coated polyurethane foam as an antibacterial water filter. Biotechnol Bioeng 90(1):59–63

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ji LL, Chen W, Duan L, Zhu DQ (2009) Mechanisms for strong adsorption of tetracycline to carbon nanotubes: a comparative study using activated carbon and graphite as adsorbents. Environ Sci Technol 43(7):2322–2327

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamaly N, Yameen B, Wu J, Farokhzad OC (2016) Degradable controlled-release polymers and polymeric nanoparticles: mechanisms of controlling drug release. Chem Rev 116(4):2602–2663

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kanchi S (2014) Nanotechnology for water treatment. J Environ Anal Chem 1(2):1–3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kannan N, Sundaram MM (2001) Kinetics and mechanism of removal of methylene blue by adsorption on various carbons- a comparative study. Dyes Pigments 51(1):25–40

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karim MR, Rhodes ER, Brinkman N, Wymer L, Fout GS (2009) New electropositive filter for concentrating enteroviruses and noroviruses from large volumes of water. Appl Environ Microbiol 75(8):2393–2399

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaur R, Wani SP, Singh AK, Lal K (2012) Wastewater production, treatment and use in India. In: National report presented at the 2nd regional workshop on safe use of wastewater in agriculture, New Delhi, 16–18 May 2012, pp 1–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaur P, Singh S, Kumar V, Singh N, Singh J (2018) Effect of rhizobacteria on arsenic uptake by macrophyte Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. Int J Phytoremediation 20(2):114–120

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaushik M, Mahendru S, Chaudhary S, Kukreti S (2017) DNA fingerprints: advances in their forensic analysis using nanotechnology. J Forensic Biomech 8(1):1–4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khalil A, Gondal MA, Dastageer MA (2011) Augmented photocatalytic activity of palladium incorporated ZnO nanoparticles in the disinfection of Escherichia coli microorganism from water. Appl Catal A Gen 402(1–2):162–167

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiparissides C (2010) Nanotechnology meets water treatment. Dissemination workshop of the Nano4water cluster

    Google Scholar 

  • Klacanova K, Fodran P, Simon P, Rapta P, Boca R, Jorik V, Miglicrini M, Kolek E, Caplovic L (2013) Formation of Fe(0)-nanoparticles via reduction of Fe(II) compounds by amino acids and their subsequent oxidation to iron oxides. J Chem 2013:1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koeppenkastrop D, Decarlo EH (1993) Uptake of rare-earth elements from solution by metal-oxides. Environ Sci Technol 27(9):1796–1802

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kominami H, Yabutani K, Yamamoto T, Kara Y, Ohtani B (2001) Synthesis of highly active tungsten(VI) oxide photocatalysts for oxygen evolution by hydrothermal treatment of aqueous tungstic acid solutions. J Mater Chem 11(12):3222–3227

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krishnan U, Barbara S, Arifullah M, Nabi NNA, Antonella P (2018) Relevance of nanotechnology in food processing industries. Int J Agric Sci 10(7):5730–5733

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar V, Upadhyay N, Kumar V, Kaur S, Singh J, Singh S, Datta S (2014) Environmental exposure and health risks of the insecticide monocrotrophos- a review. J Biodivers Environ Sci 5:111–120

    Google Scholar 

  • Kundu S, Wang Y, **a W, Muhler M (2008) Thermal stability and reducibility of oxygen-containing functional groups on multiwalled carbon nanotube surfaces: a quantitative high-resolution XPS and TPD/TPR study. J Phys Chem C 112(43):16869–16878

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lan Y, Cheng Y, Zhao Z (2014) Effective organochlorine pesticides removal from aqueous systems by magnetic nanospheres coated with polystyrene. J Wuhan Univ Technol Mater Sci Ed 29(1):168–173

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lau WJ, Gray S, Matsuura T, Emadzadeh D, Chen JP, Ismail AF (2015) A review on polyamide thin film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes: history, applications, challenges and approaches. Water Res 80:306–324

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Le AT, Le TT, Tran HH, Dang DA, Tran QH, Vu DL (2012) Powerful colloidal silver nanoparticles for the prevention of gastrointestinal bacterial infections. Adv Nat Sci Nanosci Nanotechnol 3:1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee KM, Lai CW, Ngai KS, Juan JC (2016) Recent developments of zinc oxide based photocatalyst in water treatment technology: a review. Water Res 88:428–448

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Legrouri K, Khouyab E, Ezzineas M, Hannachea H, Denoyele R, Pallierd R, Naslaind R (2005) Production of activated carbon from a new precursor molasses with sulphuric acid. J Hazard Mater 118(1–3):259–263

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li M, Lin YC, Wu CC, Liu HS (2005) Enhancing the efficiency of PCR using gold nanoparticles. Nucleic Acids Res 33(21):1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li M, Yin JJ, Warmer WG, Lo YM (2014) Mechanistic characterization of titanium dioxide nanoparticle-induced toxicity using electron spin resonance. J Food Drug Anal 22(1):76–85

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liang J, Liu J, Yuan X, Dong H, Zeng G, Wu H, Wang H, Liu J, Hua S, Zhang S, Yu Z (2015) Facile synthesis of alumina-decorated multi-walled carbon nanotubes for simultaneous adsorption of cadmium ion and trichloroethylene. Chem Eng J 273:101–110

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liga MV, Bryant EL, Colvin VL, Li Q (2011) Virus inactivation by silver doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles for drinking water treatment. Water Res 45(2):535–544

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lind ML, Suk DE, Nguyen TV, Hoek EMV (2010) Tailoring the structure of thin film nanocomposite membranes to achieve seawater RD membrane performance. Environ Sci Technol 44(21):8230–8235

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu WT (2006) Nanoparticles and their biological and environmental applications. J Biosci Bioeng 102(1):1–7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Li J, Qiu X, Burda C (2006) Novel TiO2 nanocatalysts for wastewater purification: tap** energy from the sun. Water Sci Technol 54(8):47–54

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenceau E, Utada AS, Link DR, Joanicot CM, Weitz DA (2005) Generation of polymerosomes from double-emulsions. Langmuir 21(20):9183–9186

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu CS, Chiu H, Liu CT (2006) Removal of zinc (II) from aqueous solution by purified carbon nanotubes: kinetics and equilibrium studies. Ind Eng Chem Res 45(8):2850–2855

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu C, Chiu H, Bai H (2007) Comparisons of adsorbent cost for the removal of zinc (II) from aqueous solution by carbon nanotubes and activated carbon. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 7(4–5):1647–1652

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu H, Wang J, Stoller J, Wang T, Bao Y, Hao H (2016) An overview of nanomaterials for water and wastewater treatment. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2016:1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucas E, Decker S, Khaleel A, Seitz A, Fultz S, Ponce A, Li WF, Carnes C, Klabunde KJ (2001) Nanocrystalline metal oxides as unique chemical reagents/sorbents. Chem Eur J 7(12):2505–2510

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lugani Y, Kaur G, Oberoi S, Sooch BS (2018a) Nanotechnology: current applications and future prospects. World J Adv Healthc Res 2(5):137–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Lugani Y, Oberoi S, Rai SK, Sooch BS (2018b) Nanomedicine: the imminent gauntlet of medical science. World J Pharm Pharm Sci 7(9):422–429

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lugani Y, Oberoi S, Rattu G (2020) Nanotechnology in food industry- applications, safety regulations, and upcomings. In: Maurya VK (ed) Micro and nano engineering in food science, vol 1. Springer Nature (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Machado FM, Bergmann CP, Fernandes TH, Lima EC, Royer B, Calvete T, Fagan SB (2011) Adsorption of reactive Red M-2BE dye from water solutions by multi-walled carbon nanotubes and activated carbon. J Hazard Mater 192(3):1122–1131

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahgoub S, Samaras P (2014) Nanoparticles from biowaste and microbes: focus on role in water purification and food preservation. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on sustainable solid waste management, Athens, 12–14 June 2014, pp 1–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Maliyekkal SM, Sreeprasad TS, Krishnan D, Kouser S, Mishra AK, Waghmare UV, Pradeep T (2013) Graphene: a reusable substrate for unprecedented adsorption of pesticides. Small 9(2):273–283

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maximino NJ, Alvarez MP, Avila RS, Orta CAA, Regalado EJ, Bello AM, Morones PG, Pliego GC (2018) Oxidation of copper nanoparticles protected with different coatings and stored under ambient conditions. J Nanomater 2018:1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meetoo DD (2011) Nanotechnology and the food sector: from the farm to the table. Emirates J Food Agric 23(5):387–407

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendez E, Fuentes MAG, Perez GR, Albores AM, Torres E (2017) Emerging pollutant treatments in wastewater: cases of antibiotics and hormones. J Environ Sci Health A 52(3):235–253

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mihindukulasuriya SDF, Lim LT (2014) Nanotechnology development in food packaging: a review. Trends Food Sci Technol 40(2):149–167

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohieldin SD, Zainudin ES, Paridah MT, Ainun ZM (2011) Nanotechnology in pulp and paper industries: a review. Key Eng Mater 471–472:251–256

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moussavi G, Mahmoudi M (2009) Removal of azo and anthraquinone reactive dyes from industrial wastewaters using MgO nanoparticles. J Hazard Mater 168(2–3):806–812

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nam YJ, Lead J (2016) Properties, sources, pathways and fate of nanoparticles in the environment. In: **ng B, Vecitis CD, Senesi N (eds) Engineered nanoparticles and the environment: biophysicochemical processes and toxicity. Chapter 6, vol 4. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 95–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Nano.gov What is NNi? (2014). Available from: http://www.nano.gov/about-nni/what. Accessed on 20 Jan 2020

  • Nawrocki J, Hordern BK (2010) The efficiency and mechanisms of catalytic ozonation. Appl Catal B Environ 99(1–2):27–42

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nikalje AP (2015) Nanotechnology and its applications in medicine. Med Chem 5(2):81–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Okpalugo TIT, Papakonstantinou P, Murphy H, Laughlin JM, Brown NMD (2005) High resolution XPS characterization of chemical functionalized MWCNTs and SWCNTs. Carbon 43(1):153–161

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pacheco S, Rodriguez R (2001) Adsorption properties of metal ions using alumina nano-particles in aqueous and alcoholic solutions. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 20(3):263–273

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panahi Y, Mellatyar H, Farshbaf M, Sabet Z, Fattahi T, Akbarzadehe A (2018) Biotechnological applications of nanomaterials for air pollution and water/wastewater treatment. Mater Today Proc 7(3):15550–15558

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pande S, Singh BP, Mathur RB, Dhami TL, Saini P, Dhawan SK (2009) Improved electromagnetic interference shielding properties of MWCNT-PMMA composites using layered structures. Nanoscale Res Lett 4:327–334

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pathak S, Choi SK, Arnheim N, Thompson ME (2001) Hydroxylated quantum dots as luminescent probes for in situ hybridization. J Am Chem Soc 123(17):4103–4104

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patil BBT (2015) Wastewater treatment using nanoparticles. J Adv Chem Eng 5(3):1–2

    Google Scholar 

  • Peigney A, Laurent C, Flahaut E, Bacsa RR, Rousset A (2001) Specific surface area of carbon nanotubes and bundles of carbon nanotubes. Carbon 39(4):507–514

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peiris MK, Gunasekara CP, Jayaweera PM, Arachchi ND, Fernando N (2017) Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles: are they effective antimicrobials? Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 112(8):537–543

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pendergast MTM, Nygaard JM, Ghosh AK, Hoek EMV (2010) Using nanocomposite materials technology to understand and control reverse osmosis membrane compaction. Desalination 261(3):255–263

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips KS, Han JH, Martinez M, Wang ZZ, Carter D, Cheng Q (2006) Nanoscale glassification of gold substrates for surface plasmon resonance analysis of protein toxins with supported lipid membranes. Anal Chem 78(2):596–603

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prachi GP, Madathil D, Nair ANB (2013) Nanotechnology in wastewater treatment: a review. Int J ChemTech Res 5(5):2303–2308

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pradhan N, Singh S, Ojha N, Shrivastava A, Barla A, Rai V, Bose S (2015) Facets of nanotechnology as seen in food processing, packaging, and preservation industry. Biomed Res Int 2015:1–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad R, Thirugnanasanbandham K (2019) Advances research on nanotechnology for water technology. Springer http://www.springer.com/us/book/9783030023805

  • Prasad R, Bhattacharyya A, Nguyen QD (2017) Nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture: recent developments, challenges, and perspectives. Front Microbiol 8:1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad R, Jha A, Prasad K (2018) Exploring the realms of nature for nanosynthesis. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-99570-0. http://www.springer.com/978-3-319-99570-0

  • Puay NQ, Qiu G, Ting YP (2015) Effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on biological wastewater treatment in sequencing batch reactor. J Clean Prod 88:139–145

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qu X, Alvarez PJ, Li Q (2013) Applications of nanotechnology in water and wastewater treatment. Water Res 47(12):3931–3946

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rafatullah M, Sulaiman O, Hashim R, Ahmad A (2010) Adsorption of methylene blue on low-cost adsorbents: a review. J Hazard Mater 117:70–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rafiq Z, Nazir R, Shah MR, Ali S (2014) Utilization of magnesium and zinc oxide nano-adsorbents as potential materials for treatment of copper electroplating industry wastewater. J Environ Chem Eng 2(1):642–651

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramakrishna S, Fujihara K, Teo WE, Yong T, Ma ZW, Ramaseshan R (2006) Electrospun nanofibers: solving global issues. Mater Today 9(3):40–50

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rana N, Ghosh KS, Chand S, Gathania AK (2018) Investigation of ZnO nanoparticles for their applications in wastewater treatment and antimicrobial activity. Indian J Pure Appl Phys 56(1):19–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Rattu G, Khansili N, Lugani Y, Krishna PM (2020) Benefits and drawbacks of nanomaterials in the food industry. In: Maurya VK (ed) Micro and nano engineering in food science, vol 2. Springer Nature (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues SM, Demokritou P, Dokoozlian N, Hendren CO, Karn B, Mauter MS, Sadik OA, Safarpour M, Unrine JM, Viers J, Welle P (2017) Nanotechnology for sustainable food production: promising opportunities and scientific challenges. Environ Sci Nano 4:767–781

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saharan P, Chaudhary GM, Mehta SK, Umar A (2014) Removal of water contaminants by iron oxide nanomaterials. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 14(1):627–643

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez F, Sobolev K (2010) Nanotechnology in concrete- a review. Constr Build Mater 24(11):2060–2071

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sears K, Dumee L, Schutz J, She M, Huynh C, Hawkins S, Duke M, Gray S (2010) Recent developments in carbon nanotube membranes for water purification and gas separation. Materials 3(1):127–149

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seo Y, Hwang J, Jeong Y, Hwang MP, Choi J (2014) Antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes decorated with silver nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 9:4621–4629

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma YC, Srivastava V, Singh VK, Kaul SN, Weng CH (2009) Nano-adsorbents for the removal of metallic pollutants from water and wastewater. Environ Technol 30(6):583–609

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma VK, Filip J, Zboril R, Varma RS (2015) Natural inorganic nanoparticles-formation, fate, and toxicity in the environment. Chem Soc Rev 44(23):8410–8423

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sidhu GK, Singh S, Kumar V, Datta S, Singh D, Singh J (2019) Toxicity, monitoring and biodegradation of organophosphate pesticides: a review. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 49(13):1135–1187

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel RW (1994) Physics of new materials. In: Fujita FE (ed) Springer series in materials science, vol 27. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh S, Singh N, Kumar V, Datta S, Wani AB, Singh D, Singh J (2016) Toxicity, monitoring and biodegradation of fungicide carbendazim. Environ Chem Lett 14(3):317–329

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skalickova S, Milosavljevic V, Cihalova K, Horky P, Richtera L, Adam V (2017) Selenium nanoparticles as a nutritional supplement. Nutrition 33:83–90

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sooch BS, Kauldhar BS (2015) Development of an eco-friendly whole cell based continuous system for the degradation of hydrogen peroxide. J Bioprocess Biotech 5:1000233/1–1000233/5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sooch BS, Kauldhar BS, Puri M (2014) Recent insights into microbial catalases: isolation, production and purification. Biotechnol Adv 32(8):1429–1447

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sooch BS, Kauldhar BS, Puri M (2016) Isolation and polyphasic characterization of a novel hyper catalase producing thermophilic bacterium for the degradation of hydrogen peroxide. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 39(11):1759–1773

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spitalsky Z, Tasis D, Papagelis K, Galiotis C (2010) Carbon nanotube- polymer composites: chemistry, processing, mechanical and electrical properties. Prog Polym Sci 35(3):357–401

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sukhanova A, Devy M, Venteo L, Kaplan H, Artemyev M, Oleinikov V, Klinov D, Pluot M, Cohen JHM, Nabiev O (2004) Biocompatible fluorescent nanocrystals for immunolabeling of membrane proteins and cells. Anal Biochem 324(1):60–67

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sunstrom JE, Moser WR, Guerts BM (1996) General route of nanocrystalline oxides by hydrodynamic cavitation. Chem Mater 8(8):2061–2067

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suslick KS, Hyeon T, Fang F (1996) Sonochemical synthesis of iron colloids. J Am Chem Soc 118(47):11960–11961

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Theron J, Cloete TE, Kwaadsteniet M (2010) Current molecular and emerging nanobiotechnology approaches for the detection of microbial pathogens. Crit Rev Microbiol 36(4):318–339

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tian Y, Wu M, Liu R, Li Y, Wang D, Tan J, Wu R, Huang Y (2011) Electrospun membrane of cellulose acetate for heavy metal ion adsorption in water treatment. Carbohydr Polym 83(2):743–748

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tiwari DK, Behari J, Sen P (2008) Applications of nanoparticles in waste water treatment. World Appl Sci J 3(3):417–433

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomalia DA (2004) Birth of a new macromolecular architecture: dendrimers as quantized building blocks for nanoscale synthetic organic chemistry. Aldrichimica Acta 37(2):39–57

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trivedi P, Axe L (2000) Modeling Cd and Zn sorption to hydrous metal oxides. Environ Sci Technol 34(11):2215–2223

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tu YJ, You CF, Chang CK, Wang SL, Chan TS (2012) Arsenate adsorption from water using a novel fabricated copper ferrite. Chem Eng J 198–199:440–448

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Varbanets MP, Zurbrugg C, Swartz C, Pronk W (2009) Decentralized systems for potable water and the potential of membrane technology. Water Res 43(2):245–265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verma S, Domb AJ, Kumar N (2011) Nanomaterials for regenerative medicine. Nanomedicine (Lond) 6(1):157–181

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Visa M, Carcel RA, Andronic L, Duta A (2009) Advanced treatment of wastewater with methyl orange and heavy metals on TiO2, fly ash and their mixtures. Catal Today 144(1–2):137–142

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Volder MF, Tawfick SH, Baughman RH, Hart J (2013) Carbon nanotubes: present and future commercial applications. Science 339(6119):535–539

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vukovic GD, Marinkovic ADM, Colic M, Ristic MD, Aleksic R, Grujic AAP, Uskokovic (2011) Removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions by oxidized and ethylenediamine-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Chem Eng J 157(1):238–248

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang J, Gu H (2015) Novel metal nanomaterials and their catalytic applications. Molecules 20:17070–17092

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Westerhoff P, Moon H, Minakata D, Crittenden J (2009) Oxidation of organics in retentates from reverse osmosis wastewater reuse facilities. Water Res 43(16):3992–3998

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WHO (World Health Organization) (1996) Guidelines for drinking water quality, vol 2. WHO, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO (world Health Organization) (2012) Meeting the MDG drinking water and sanitation the urban and rural challenge of the decade

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu YY, **ong ZH (2016) Multi-walled carbon nanotubes and powder-activated carbon adsorbents for the removal of nitrofurazone from aqueous solution. J Dispers Sci Technol 37(5):613–624

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu X, Liu J, Haley KN, Treadway JA, Larson JP, Ge N, Peale F, Bruchez MP (2002) Immunofluorescent labeling of cancer marker Her2 and other cellular targets with semiconductor quantum dots. Nat Biotechnol 21:41–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu J, Bachas L, Bhattacharyya D (2009) Synthesis of nanostructured bimetallic particles in poly ligand functionalized membranes for remediation applications. In: Sustich A (ed) Nanotechnology applications for clean water, chapter-22. William Andrew Publishing, Boston, pp 311–335

    Google Scholar 

  • Yan JL, Estevez MC, Smith JE, Wang KM, He XX, Wang L, Tan WH (2007) Dye-doped nanoparticles for bioanalysis. Nano Today 2(3):44–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang JC, Yin XB (2017) CoFe2O4@MIL-100 (Fe) hybrid magnetic nanoparticles exhibit fast and selective adsorption of arsenic with high adsorption capacity. Sci Rep 7:1–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Yin HS, Zhou YL, Ai SY, Chen QP, Zhu XB, Liu XG, Zhu LS (2010) Sensitivity and selectivity determination of BPA in real water samples using PAMAM dendrimers and CoTe quantum dots modified glassy carbon electrode. J Hazard Mat 174(1–3):236–243

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu W, Lin W, Shao X, Hu Z, Li R, Yuan D (2014) High performance supercapacitor based on Ni3S3/carbon nanofibers and carbon nanofibers electrodes derived from bacterial cellulose. J Power Sources 272:137–143

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zan L, Fa W, Peng T, Gong ZK (2007) Photocatalytic effect of nanometer TiO2 and TiO2-coated ceramic plate on Hepatitis B virus. J Photochem Photobiol B 86(2):165–169

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zare K, Sadegh H, Ghoshekandi RS, Maazinejad B, Ali V, Tyagi I, Agarwal S, Gupta VK (2015) Enhanced removal of toxic Congo red dye using multi walled carbon nanotubes: kinetic, equilibrium studies and its comparison with other adsorbents. J Mol Liq 212:266–271

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang XX, Zhu CC (2006) Field-emission lighting tube with CNT film cathode. Microrelectron J 37(11):1358–1360

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang QK, Kemp KC, Chandra V (2012) Homogeneous anchoring of TiO2 nanoparticles on graphene sheets for wastewater treatment. Mater Lett 81:127–130

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang J, Wang H, **ao Y, Tang J, Liang C, Li F, Dong H, Xu W (2017) A simple approach for synthesizing of fluorescent carbon quantum dots from tofu wastewater. Nanoscale Res Lett 12(1):611

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao X, Lv L, Pan B, Zhang W, Zhang S, Zhang Q (2011a) Polymer-supported nanocomposites for environmental applications: a review. Chem Eng J 170(2–3):381–394

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao G, Li J, Ren X, Chen C, Wang X (2011b) Few-layered graphene oxide nanosheets as superior sorbents for heavy metal ion pollution management. Environ Sci Technol 45:10454–10462

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao H, Qiu S, Wu L, Zhang L, Chen H, Gao C (2014) Improving the performance of polyamide reverse osmosis membrane by incorporation of modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes. J Membr Sci 450:249–256

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng X, Wu R, Chen Y (2011) Effects of ZnO nanoparticles on wastewater biological nitrogen and phosphorous removal. Environ Sci Technol 45(7):2826–2832

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Microbial Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank (MTCC), CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India

    Yogita Lugani & Venkata Ramana Vemuluri

  2. Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India

    Balwinder Singh Sooch

Authors
  1. Yogita Lugani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Venkata Ramana Vemuluri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Balwinder Singh Sooch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Venkata Ramana Vemuluri .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, India

    Raman Kumar

  2. Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

    Rajeev Kumar

  3. Department of Chemistry and Center of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

    Savita Chaudhary

Questions and Answers: A Solution Manual

Questions and Answers: A Solution Manual

6.1.1 Objective Questions

  • Q1. Which technique is used for characterization of nanoparticle interaction with microbial contaminants?

    1. (a)

      Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM)

    2. (b)

      Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

    3. (c)

      Both of the above

    4. (d)

      None of the above

  • Ans. (c).

  • Q2. The sewage wastewater treatment capacity of India is

    1. (a)

      8080.8 MLD

    2. (b)

      8008.2 MLD

    3. (c)

      8642.0 MLD

    4. (d)

      9080.9 MLD

  • Ans. (a).

  • Q3. Vesicles are used for

    1. (a)

      Calcination

    2. (b)

      Encapsulation

    3. (c)

      Crystallization

    4. (d)

      All of the above

  • Ans. (b).

  • Q4. Nanoparticles of which of the following metals is used for efficient degradation of octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin into substituent chlorinated congeners under ambient conditions

    1. (a)

      Ti

    2. (b)

      Ni

    3. (c)

      Mn

    4. (d)

      Zn

  • Ans. (d).

  • Q5. Which of the following groups of atoms, Quantum Dots are composed of?

    1. (a)

      I

    2. (b)

      II

    3. (c)

      Both of the above

    4. (d)

      None of the above

  • Ans. (b).

6.1.2 Fill in the Blanks

  1. 1.

    The process of nanotechnology was initiated by ________ in the year _______.

    • Answer: Richard Feynman, 1959

  2. 2.

    Nanotechnology is used in forensic science in DNA fingerprinting for __________ and ____________.

    • Answer: Parental testing, Solving criminal cases

  3. 3.

    The emerging pollutants in wastewater are nonbiodegradable materials due to their _______ in food web.

    • Answer: Bioaccumulation

  4. 4.

    Dendrimers are used as nano-adsorbents for removal of heavy metals by tailoring of external branches with ____ and _____ groups.

    • Answer: –NH2 and –OH

  5. 5.

    Based on layering system of nanotubes, CNTs can be _____ and ______.

    • Answer: Single-walled, multiwalled

6.1.3 Short Answer Questions

  1. 1.

    Which techniques are commonly used for the synthesis of nanoparticles?

    • Answer: Top-down approach and Bottom-up approach.

  2. 2.

    What kind of nanomaterials are used for wastewater treatment in the current scenario?

    • Answer: Metal oxides, zeolites, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), fullerenes, graphene-based nanomaterials, nanosorbents, nanocatalysts, biomimetic membrane, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP), and zerovalent iron particles.

  3. 3.

    What are the applications of nanotechnology in environment sector?

    • Answer: Environmental nanotechnology is a revolutionary field of science and technology, which is gaining interest of scientific community from past few decades. Nanomaterials have been explored for generation of renewable energy in batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors. Nanoparticles are used for environmental remediation, water purification, and wastewater treatment.

  4. 4.

    Which techniques are currently used for wastewater treatment?

    • Answer: Activated carbon adsorption, ozonation and advanced oxidation processes, coagulation-flocculation, membrane processes, halogens (Cl, Br), sedimentation, boiling, distillation, reverse osmosis, solvent extraction, evaporation, ultraviolet light, low frequency ultrasonic radiations, ion exchange water softener, and neutralization and remineralization.

  5. 5.

    Which properties of nanoparticles make them suitable for application in wastewater purification and treatment?

    • Answer: High specific surface area, strong and wide-spectrum antimicrobial activity, high chemical stability, low cost, photocatalytic activity, ease of use, high conductivity, high mechanical strength, tunable surface chemistry, and superparamagnetism.

  6. 6.

    What are the issues for not adopting the use of CNTs at industrial level?

    • Answer: The use of CNTs is not expected at industrial scale in wastewater treatment plants due to their high production cost, coagulation phenomenon with some organic contaminants, and because of several reports of health-related concerns of NPs.

6.1.4 Long Answer Question

  1. 1.

    What are the different action mechanisms of nanomaterials used for wastewater purification and treatment?

    • Answer: Nanomaterials are used worldwide for the degradation of many pollutants like inorganic anions, phosphates, nitrates, phenols, chlorinated and halogenated organic compounds, radio elements, nitroaromatic compounds, and organic dyes by different mechanisms such as oxidation, reduction, precipitation, and adsorption. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) possess good antimicrobial activity, and they have been used extensively for wastewater treatment against wide range of bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Ag NPs increase permeability of cell membrane by generation of free radicals, which finally resulting in cell apoptosis (Le et al. 2012). Some research groups have studied the action mechanism of Ag NPs and observed that these NPs can kill pathogenic bacteria by inducing physical perturbation with oxidative stress through disruption of specific microbial process by oxidation or disturbing vital cellular components or cell membrane structure. The antagonistic effect of TiO2 and ZnO NPs is linked to synthesis of reactive oxygen species, ROS (H2O2 and OH−) by ultraviolet (UV)-A irradiation through oxidative and reductive pathway. Different mechanisms associated with iron oxide (FeO) NPs under adsorption of contaminants from wastewater are magnetic selective adsorption, surface binding, electrostatic interactions, and ligand combinations. Most of the previously reported studies on wastewater treatment using Zn NPs, and Fe NPs are based on dehalogenation reaction. The oxidized CNTs possess major adsorption site for metal ions by chemical bonding and electrostatic interactions through surface functional groups like –OH and –COOH. CNTs have proved to be better adsorbents with high adsorption kinetics for heavy metals (Pb2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+) and short intraparticle diffusion distance, faster kinetics, and highly accessible adsorption sites. Alumina nanoadsorbents have high surface area with good thermal stability, and they can be prepared at low cost. These nanoadsorbents have been used in wastewater treatment for removal of Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb metal ions. The graphene-based nanomaterials show their antimicrobial action by oxidative stress and microbial membrane damage. The sorption of heavy metals and organic compounds on dendrimers is achieved by hydrogen bonding, complexation, hydrophobic effect, and electrostatic interactions. The photocatalyst-based (TiO2, CeO2, and CNTs) reaction pathways (radical mediated and nonradical mediated) for degradation of organic pollutants have also been suggested in literature.

  2. 2.

    What are the available commercial systems of nanomaterials for wastewater treatment?

    • Answer: The first complete dendrimer family which was synthesized, characterized, and commercialized in 1990 was PAMAM (poly (amidoamine)) dendrimer. A team of US researchers have developed sponge that can absorb oil from water, which is made up of pure CNTs with a dash of boron. The oil can be retrieved or burned off, and sponge can be reused, and the research team is also planning to weld the sheets for oil remediation. CNT-based systems are used commercially for mitigation of different contaminants from wastewater matrices and desalination of brackish water and seawater. Two cost-competitive dendrimer-based commercial systems for drinking water treatment systems available in the market are Arsennp and ADSORBSIAâ„¢. The commercially available TFN membrane is QuantumFlux, a seawater TFN RO membrane. The commercial devices available in the market utilizing nano-Ag are MARATHON® and Aquapure® systems. In some develo** countries, nano-Ag has been incorporated into ceramic microfilters to be used as barrier for pathogens. NanoCeram (Argonide Corporation, Sanford, FL, USA) is a marketed nanofiber filter with large surface area (300–600 m2/g) and small diameter, which is used in ultrafiltration for removal of bacteria, viruses, and proteins through Columbic interactions. Purific Water (Holiday, FL, USA) has developed a filtration assembly by combining water pretreatment process with photocatalysis and ceramic filtration membrane with capacity of >4 million cubic meters/day, and this system has been successfully used for degradation of 1,4-dioxane. Dynabead® is a commercial nanocomposite available in the market for develo** pathogen detection kits. TFN membranes have been used commercially by LG NanoH2O Inc., and this technology has twice the flux of polyamide membrane with >99.7% salt rejection. The first commercial membrane with embedded aquaporins is Aquaporin Inside (Aquaporin A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark). This membrane is used in desalination applications, and it can withstand up to 10 bar and water flux rate > 100 L/(hm2).

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Lugani, Y., Vemuluri, V.R., Sooch, B.S. (2023). Nanotechnology: Emerging Opportunities and Regulatory Aspects in Water Treatment. In: Kumar, R., Kumar, R., Chaudhary, S. (eds) Advanced Functional Nanoparticles "Boon or Bane" for Environment Remediation Applications. Environmental Contamination Remediation and Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24416-2_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation