SpringerLink
Log in

Immunotherapy for Melanoma

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
European Handbook of Dermatological Treatments

  • 85 Accesses

Abstract

The incidence of melanoma is increasing worldwide and despite early detection and intervention, the number of patients dying from metastatic disease continues to rise. Until very recently, the treatment options for melanoma in both the adjuvant and metastatic setting were limited and melanoma was considered as one of the most therapy-resistant malignancies. Single-agent and combination chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, biochemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted agent therapy, and combination regimens failed to show significant improvement in overall survival.

Recent advances and understanding of the biology of melanoma have led to the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Based on the molecular and immunological makeup of the disease, these new therapies have shown significant benefit in overall and progression-free survival. As the picture of the disease begins to change, oncologists need to alter their treatment strategy and consider an individualized therapeutic approach for patients with melanoma. In this review, the authors offer an insight in melanoma treatment options, with a focus on the recently approved immunotherapeutic agents and the clinical perspectives of these novel approaches in both resectable and metastatic melanoma.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 349.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 449.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alegre ML, Shiels H, Thompson CB, Gajewski TF. Expression and function of CTLA-4 in Th1 and Th2 cells. J Immunol. 1998;161:3347–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ascierto PA, Del Vecchio M, Robert C, et al. Ipilimumab 10 mg/kg versus ipilimumab 3 mg/kg in patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18:611–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ascierto PA, Ferrucci PF, Fisher R, et al. Dabrafenib, trametinib and pembrolizumab or placebo in BRAF-mutant melanoma. Nat Med. 2019;25:941–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ascierto PA, Del Vecchio M, Mandala M, et al. Adjuvant nivolumab versus ipilimumab in resected stage IIIB-C and stage IV melanoma (CheckMate 238): 4-year results from a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21:1465–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Attia P, Phan GQ, Maker AV, et al. Autoimmunity correlates with tumor regression in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:6043–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berk-Krauss J, Stein JA, Weber J, Polsky D, Geller AC. New systematic therapies and trends in cutaneous melanoma deaths among US whites, 1986-2016. Am J Public Health. 2020;110:731–3.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Brahmer JR, Tykodi SS, Chow LQM, et al. Safety and activity of anti–PD-L1 antibody in patients with advanced cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:2455–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Brunet JF, Denizot F, Luciani MF, Roux-Dosseto M, Suzan M, Mattei MG, Golstein P. A new member of the immunoglobulin superfamily--CTLA-4. Nature. 1987;328:267–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brunner MC, Chambers CA, Chan FK, Hanke J, Winoto A, Allison JP. CTLA-4-mediated inhibition of early events of T cell proliferation. J Immunol. 1999;162:5813–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Canniff PC, Donovan CB, Burkwit JJ, Bruns MJ, Bedian V, Bernstein SH, Hanson DC. CP-675,206 anti-CTLA4 antibody clinical candidate enhances IL-2 production in cancer patient T cells in vitro regardless of tumor type or stage of disease. Cancer Res. 2004;64:164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carthon BC, Wolchok JD, Yuan J, et al. Preoperative CTLA-4 blockade: tolerability and immune monitoring in the setting of a presurgical clinical trial. Clin Cancer Res. 2010;16:2861–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chesney J, Puzanov I, Collichio F, et al. Randomized, open-label phase II study evaluating the efficacy and safety of TalimogeneLaherparepvec in combination with ipilimumab versus ipilimumab alone in patients with advanced, unresectable melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36:1658–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen-Inbar O, Shih H-H, Xu Z, Schlesinger D, Sheehan JP. The effect of timing of stereotactic radiosurgery treatment of melanoma brain metastases treated with ipilimumab. J Neurosurg. 2017;127:1007–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daud A, Ribas A, Robert C, et al. Long-term efficacy of pembrolizumab (pembro; MK-3475) in a pooled analysis of 655 patients (pts) with advanced melanoma (MEL) enrolled in KEYNOTE-001. J Clin Oncol. 2015; https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.9005.

  • Diao K, Bian SX, Routman DM, Yu C, Kim PE, Wagle NA, Wong MK, Zada G, Chang EL. Combination ipilimumab and radiosurgery for brain metastases: tumor, edema, and adverse radiation effects. J Neurosurg. 2018a;129:1397–406.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Diao K, Bian SX, Routman DM, Yu C, Ye JC, Wagle NA, Wong MK, Zada G, Chang EL. Stereotactic radiosurgery and ipilimumab for patients with melanoma brain metastases: clinical outcomes and toxicity. J Neuro-Oncol. 2018b;139:421–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dong H, Zhu G, Tamada K, Chen L. B7-H1, a third member of the B7 family, co-stimulates T-cell proliferation and interleukin-10 secretion. Nat Med. 1999;5:1365–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eggermont AMM, Robert C. New drugs in melanoma: it's a whole new world. Eur J Cancer. 2011;47:2150–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eggermont AMM, Chiarion-Sileni V, Grob J-J, et al. Adjuvant ipilimumab versus placebo after complete resection of high-risk stage III melanoma (EORTC 18071): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16:522–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eggermont AMM, Chiarion-Sileni V, Grob J-J, et al. Prolonged survival in stage III melanoma with ipilimumab adjuvant therapy. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:1845–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Eggermont AMM, Blank CU, Mandala M, et al. Adjuvant pembrolizumab versus placebo in resected stage III melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:1789–801.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eggermont AMM, Blank CU, Mandala M, et al. Longer follow-up confirms recurrence-free survival benefit of adjuvant pembrolizumab in high-risk stage III melanoma: updated results from the EORTC 1325-MG/KEYNOTE-054 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38:3925–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Eggermont AMM, Blank CU, Mandala M, et al. Adjuvant pembrolizumab versus placebo in resected stage III melanoma (EORTC 1325-MG/KEYNOTE-054): distant metastasis-free survival results from a double-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22:643–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Espenschied J, Lamont J, Longmate J, Pendas S, Wang Z, Diamond DJ, Ellenhorn JDI. CTLA-4 blockade enhances the therapeutic effect of an attenuated poxvirus vaccine targeting p53 in an established murine tumor model. J Immunol. 2003;170:3401–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gutzmer R, Stroyakovskiy D, Gogas H, et al. Atezolizumab, vemurafenib, and cobimetinib as first-line treatment for unresectable advanced BRAFV600 mutation-positive melanoma (IMspire150): primary analysis of the randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2020;395:1835–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamid O, Hwu W-J, Richards JM, et al. Ipilimumab (Ipi) expanded access program (EAP) for patients (pts) with stage III/IV melanoma: 10 mg/kg cohort interim results. J Clin Oncol. 2012; https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.8508.

  • Hamid O, Robert C, Daud A, et al. Safety and tumor responses with lambrolizumab (anti-PD-1) in melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:134–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hamid O, Puzanov I, Dummer R, et al. Final analysis of a randomised trial comparing pembrolizumab versus investigator-choice chemotherapy for ipilimumab-refractory advanced melanoma. Eur J Cancer. 2017;86:37–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hodi FS, O'Day SJ, McDermott DF, et al. Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:711–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hodi FS, Lee S, McDermott DF, Rao UN, Butterfield LH, Tarhini AA, Leming P, Puzanov I, Shin D, Kirkwood JM. Ipilimumab plus sargramostim vs ipilimumab alone for treatment of metastatic melanoma: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;312:1744–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hodi FS, Chiarion-Sileni V, Gonzalez R, et al. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab or nivolumab alone versus ipilimumab alone in advanced melanoma (CheckMate 067): 4-year outcomes of a multicentre, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2018;19:1480–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu JC, Booth MJ, Tripuraneni G, et al. A novel HSV-1 virus, JS1/34.5−/47-, purges contaminating breast cancer cells from bone marrow. Clin Cancer Res. 2006a;12:6853–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu JCC, Coffin RS, Davis CJ, et al. A phase I study of OncoVEXGM-CSF, a second-generation oncolytic herpes simplex virus expressing granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Clin Cancer Res. 2006b;12:6737–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iwai Y, Ishida M, Tanaka Y, Okazaki T, Honjo T, Minato N. Involvement of PD-L1 on tumor cells in the escape from host immune system and tumor immunotherapy by PD-L1 blockade. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99:12293–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Khattri R, Auger JA, Griffin MD, Sharpe AH, Bluestone JA. Lymphoproliferative disorder in CTLA-4 knockout mice is characterized by CD28-regulated activation of Th2 responses. J Immunol. 1999;162:5784–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krummel MF. CD28 and CTLA-4 have opposing effects on the response of T cells to stimulation. J Exp Med. 1995;182:459–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kwon ED, Foster BA, Hurwitz AA, Madias C, Allison JP, Greenberg NM, Burg MB. Elimination of residual metastatic prostate cancer after surgery and adjunctive cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) blockade immunotherapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999;96:15074–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lala M, Akala O, Chartash E, Kalabis M, Su S-C, de Alwis D, Sinha V, Jain L. Abstract CT042: pembrolizumab 400 mg Q6W dosing: first clinical outcomes data from Keynote-555 cohort B in metastatic melanoma patients. Cancer Res. 2020;80:CT042.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larkin J, Hodi FS, Wolchok JD. Combined nivolumab and ipilimumab or monotherapy in untreated melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:1270–1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larkin J, Chiarion-Sileni V, Gonzalez R, et al. Five-year survival with combined nivolumab and ipilimumab in advanced melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:1535–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larkin J, Sarnaik A, Chesney JA, Khushalani NI (2021) Lifileucel (LN-144), a cryopreserved autologous Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocyte (TIL) therapy in patients with advanced melanoma: evaluation of impact of prior. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(24):2656–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leach DR, Krummel MF, Allison JP. Enhancement of antitumor immunity by CTLA-4 blockade. Science. 1996;271:1734–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Long GV, Dummer R, Ribas A, et al. Efficacy analysis of MASTERKEY-265 phase 1b study of talimogenelaherparepvec (T-VEC) and pembrolizumab (pembro) for unresectable stage IIIB-IV melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2016; https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2016.34.15_suppl.9568.

  • Long GV, Atkinson V, Cebon JS, et al. Standard-dose pembrolizumab in combination with reduced-dose ipilimumab for patients with advanced melanoma (KEYNOTE-029): an open-label, phase 1b trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18:1202–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Long GV, Atkinson V, Hong A, McArthur GA, Menzies AM. Omitting radiosurgery in melanoma brain metastases: a drastic and dangerous de-escalation – Authors’ reply. Lancet Oncol. 2018;19:e367.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maker AV, Phan GQ, Attia P, et al. Tumor regression and autoimmunity in patients treated with cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 blockade and interleukin 2: a phase I/II study. Ann Surg Oncol. 2005;12:1005–16.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Margolin K, Ernstoff MS, Hamid O, et al. Ipilimumab in patients with melanoma and brain metastases: an open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13:459–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nishimura H, Nose M, Hiai H, Minato N, Honjo T. Development of lupus-like autoimmune diseases by disruption of the PD-1 gene encoding an ITIM motif-carrying immunoreceptor. Immunity. 1999;11:141–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okazaki T, Honjo T. PD-1 and PD-1 ligands: from discovery to clinical application. Int Immunol. 2007;19:813–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olson D, Luke JJ, Poklepovic AS, et al. Significant antitumor activity for low-dose ipilimumab (IPI) with pembrolizumab (PEMBRO) immediately following progression on PD1 ab in melanoma (MEL) in a phase II trial. J Clin Oncol. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2020.38.15_suppl.10004.

  • Paradis TJ, Floyd E, Burkwit J, Cole SH, Brunson B, Elliott E, Gilman S, Gladue RP. The anti-tumor activity of anti-CTLA-4 is mediated through its induction of IFN gamma. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2001;50:125–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paulson KG, Gupta D, Kim TS, et al. Age-specific incidence of melanoma in the United States. JAMA Dermatol. 2020;156:57–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Postow MA, Chesney J, Pavlick AC, et al. Nivolumab and ipilimumab versus ipilimumab in untreated melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:2006–17.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Puzanov I, Milhem MM, Minor D, et al. TalimogeneLaherparepvec in combination with ipilimumab in previously untreated, unresectable stage IIIB-IV melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:2619–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ribas A, Camacho LH, Lopez-Berestein G, et al. Antitumor activity in melanoma and anti-self responses in a phase I trial with the anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 monoclonal antibody CP-675,206. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:8968–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ribas A, Kefford R, Marshall MA, et al. Phase III randomized clinical trial comparing tremelimumab with standard-of-care chemotherapy in patients with advanced melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:616–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ribas A, Puzanov I, Dummer R, et al. Pembrolizumab versus investigator-choice chemotherapy for ipilimumab-refractory melanoma (KEYNOTE-002): a randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16:908–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Robert C, Thomas L, Bondarenko I, et al. Ipilimumab plus dacarbazine for previously untreated metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2011a;364:2517–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robert C, Thomas L, Bondarenko I, et al. Ipilimumab plus dacarbazine for previously untreated metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2011b;364(26):2517–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robert C, Schadendorf D, Messina M, Hodi FS, O’Day S, MDX010–20 investigators. Efficacy and safety of retreatment with ipilimumab in patients with pretreated advanced melanoma who progressed after initially achieving disease control. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19:2232–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robert C, Ribas A, Wolchok JD, et al. Anti-programmed-death-receptor-1 treatment with pembrolizumab in ipilimumab-refractory advanced melanoma: a randomised dose-comparison cohort of a phase 1 trial. Lancet. 2014;384:1109–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robert C, Schachter J, Long GV, Arance A, Grob JJ, Mortier L, Daud A, Carlino MS, McNeil C, Lotem M, Larkin J, Lorigan P, Neyns B, Blank CU, Hamid O, Mateus C, Shapira-Frommer R, Kosh M, Zhou H, Ibrahim N, Ebbinghaus S, Ribas A; KEYNOTE-006 investigators. Pembrolizumab versus ipilimumab in advanced melanoma N Engl J Med. 2015a;372(26):2521–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robert C, Long GV, Brady B, et al. Nivolumab in previously untreated melanoma without BRAF mutation. N Engl J Med. 2015b;372:320–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg SA, Yang JC, Restifo NP. Cancer immunotherapy: moving beyond current vaccines. Nat Med. 2004;10:909–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rozeman EA, Menzies AM, van Akkooi ACJ, et al. Identification of the optimal combination dosing schedule of neoadjuvant ipilimumab plus nivolumab in macroscopic stage III melanoma (OpACIN-neo): a multicentre, phase 2, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019;20:948–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sabel MS, Hess SD, Egilmez NK, Conway TF, Chen F-A, Bankert RB. CTLA-4 blockade augments human T lymphocyte-mediated suppression of lung tumor xenografts in SCID mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2005;54:944–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schadendorf D, Hodi FS, Robert C, Weber JS, Margolin K, Hamid O, Patt D, Chen T-T, Berman DM, Wolchok JD. Pooled analysis of Long-term survival data from phase II and phase III trials of ipilimumab in unresectable or metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33:1889–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartzentruber DJ, Lawson DH, Richards JM, et al. gp100 peptide vaccine and interleukin-2 in patients with advanced melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:2119–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2019. CA Cancer J Clin. 2019;69:7–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson AJG, Caballero OL, Jungbluth A, Chen Y-T, Old LJ. Cancer/testis antigens, gametogenesis and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2005;5:615–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Small EJ, Tchekmedyian NS, Rini BI, Fong L, Lowy I, Allison JP. A pilot trial of CTLA-4 blockade with human anti-CTLA-4 in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13:1810–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sung H, Siegel RL, Torre LA, et al. Global patterns in excess body weight and the associated cancer burden. CA Cancer J Clin. 2019;69:88–112.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tarhini AA, Lee SJ, Hodi FS, et al. Phase III study of adjuvant ipilimumab (3 or 10 mg/kg) versus high-dose interferon alfa-2b for resected high-risk melanoma: north American intergroup E1609. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38:567–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Topalian SL, Hodi FS, Brahmer JR, et al. Safety, activity, and immune correlates of anti–PD-1 antibody in cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:2443–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • van Elsas A, Hurwitz AA, Allison JP. Combination immunotherapy of B16 melanoma using anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-producing vaccines induces rejection of subcutaneous and metastatic tumors accompanied by autoimmune depigmentation. J Exp Med. 1999;190:355–66.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Waterhouse P, Penninger JM, Timms E, Wakeham A, Shahinian A, Lee KP, Thompson CB, Griesser H, Mak TW. Lymphoproliferative disorders with early lethality in mice deficient in Ctla-4. Science. 1995;270:985–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weber JS, Kähler KC, Hauschild A. Management of immune-related adverse events and kinetics of response with ipilimumab. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:2691–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weber JS, D'Angelo SP, Minor D, et al. Nivolumab versus chemotherapy in patients with advanced melanoma who progressed after anti-CTLA-4 treatment (CheckMate 037): a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16:375–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolchok JD, Hoos A, O'Day S, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation of immune therapy activity in solid tumors: immune-related response criteria. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15:7412–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolchok JD, Neyns B, Linette G, et al. Ipilimumab monotherapy in patients with pretreated advanced melanoma: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, phase 2, dose-ranging study. Lancet Oncol. 2010a;11:155–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolchok JD, Weber JS, Hamid O, et al. Ipilimumab efficacy and safety in patients with advanced melanoma: a retrospective analysis of HLA subtype from four trials. Cancer Immun. 2010b;10:9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wolchok JD, Kluger H, Callahan MK, et al. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab in advanced melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:122–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wolchok JD, Rollin L, Larkin J. Nivolumab and ipilimumab in advanced melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:2503–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan J, Gnjatic S, Li H, et al. CTLA-4 blockade enhances polyfunctional NY-ESO-1 specific T cell responses in metastatic melanoma patients with clinical benefit. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2008;105:20410–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zou W, Chen L. Inhibitory B7-family molecules in the tumour microenvironment. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008;8:467–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Eirini Pectasides

  2. First Department of Medicine, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece

    Helen Gogas

Authors
  1. Eirini Pectasides
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Helen Gogas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Andreas Syggros Hospital, Athens State University, Athens, Greece

    Andreas D. Katsambas

  2. Research Center CSRMR, Marconi University, Rome, Roma, Italy

    Torello M. Lotti

  3. Andreas Syggros Hospital, Athens State University, Athens, Greece

    Clio Dessinioti

  4. Dermatoloy Unit, Livorno Hospital, Livorno, Italy

    Angelo Massimiliano D'Erme

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Pectasides, E., Gogas, H. (2023). Immunotherapy for Melanoma. In: Katsambas, A.D., Lotti, T.M., Dessinioti, C., D'Erme, A.M. (eds) European Handbook of Dermatological Treatments. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15130-9_150

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15130-9_150

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-15129-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-15130-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation