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The Geodynamic Setting and Geological Context of Merapi Volcano in Central Java, Indonesia

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Merapi Volcano

Part of the book series: Active Volcanoes of the World ((AVOLCAN))

Abstract

Mount (Mt.) Merapi is a Quaternary stratovolcano situated on the active volcanic front in Central Java. It is a part of the active volcanic arc chain of Java Island formed by the Sunda-Banda subduction of the Indo-Australian oceanic plate beneath the Eurasian continental plate. The volcanic activity of Merapi shows a recurring pattern of eruptive events, with a background of frequent Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) 1–2 eruptions approximately every 4–5 years, interrupted by more violent (VEI 3–4) eruption episodes every few decades. As one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes, Mt. Merapi draws admiration and fear from many Indonesians and the world. The volcano plays a significant role in understanding the Quaternary volcanism in Java, as it has been continuously erupting since the historical records began. Located within the Central Java depression zone, Mt. Merapi is bound by the Southern Mountains Zone to the south and the Kendeng and Rembang zones to the north. The basement of Mt. Merapi is composed of limestones of the Sentolo Formation and Tertiary volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of the Nglanggran and Semilir formations. The region is dissected by several larger fault systems, namely the Progo Muria Fault and the Opak River Fault. Mt. Merapi and the Merbabu-Telomoyo-Ungaran volcanoes (located to the north of Merapi) follow a NW–SE-trend, similar in orientation to the regional fault systems, suggesting that geological structures control the emplacement of magma and its ascent to the surface. Tomographic studies underneath Mt. Merapi also indicate the presence of a NW–SE trending gravity anomaly that may represent a wider, more regional extent of the magma reservoir beneath the Merapi-Merbabu-Telomoyo-Ungaran volcanic chain.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Ralf Gertisser, Helen Smyth and Valentin Troll for their significant input and constructive comments that greatly improved the presentation and contents of this chapter. We would also like to extend our thanks to Mradipta Lintang Alifcanta Moktikanana for her assistance in preparing this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

    Agung Harijoko, Gayatri Indah Marliyani, Haryo Edi Wibowo, Yan Restu Freski & Esti Handini

  2. Center for Disaster Studies, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

    Agung Harijoko, Gayatri Indah Marliyani, Haryo Edi Wibowo & Esti Handini

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  1. Agung Harijoko
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  2. Gayatri Indah Marliyani
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Correspondence to Agung Harijoko .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, Keele University, Keele, UK

    Ralf Gertisser

  2. Department of Earth Science, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden

    Valentin R. Troll

  3. GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany

    Thomas R. Walter

  4. Geological Agency, Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, BPPTKG, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

    I Gusti Made Agung Nandaka

  5. Geological Agency, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Bandung, Indonesia

    Antonius Ratdomopurbo

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Harijoko, A., Marliyani, G.I., Wibowo, H.E., Freski, Y.R., Handini, E. (2023). The Geodynamic Setting and Geological Context of Merapi Volcano in Central Java, Indonesia. In: Gertisser, R., Troll, V.R., Walter, T.R., Nandaka, I.G.M.A., Ratdomopurbo, A. (eds) Merapi Volcano. Active Volcanoes of the World. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15040-1_4

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