SpringerLink
Log in

Salt Affected Soils: Global Perspectives

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Soil Health and Environmental Sustainability

Part of the book series: Environmental Science and Engineering ((ESE))

  • 723 Accesses

Abstract

Salts are the primary sources of salinity in soil and water. Around one billion ha of global earth land are more or less affected by different kinds of salt and associated threats. The demand for expansion of intensive irrigated agriculture in canal networks, climate change with the temperature rise, the incidence of drought, water scarcity arises the more demand of evapotranspiration of the crops and subsequently import excess salts in the soil under saline irrigation, rise in sea level, limitation of freshwater, ingress of seawater, unpredictable behavior of precipitation and inappropriate drainage facilitate the salinization problems, sodication, and the infestation of high sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), damaging soil chemical environment, and development of sodicity causes a deleterious impact on soil physical health. To meet the food-feed-fibre of the bargaining population rehabilitation of salt-affected soil (SAS) is a main agenda in present policies of countries extended with salinity and irrigation depends on the marginal quality of water. Here, we described the distribution and occurrence of SAS; narrated the causes and drivers for salinization/sodification; characteristics and properties of SAS; estimated the production loses of the crop because of salinity; created the economic importance of SAS, and finally mechanism-based management options are described for rehabilitation of SAS for greening the baran underproductive land, ensure for food security, empowering livelihood and checking the mass migration of peoples in the future.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
EUR 29.95
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
EUR 85.59
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
EUR 106.99
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
EUR 106.99
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abdel-Fattah MK, Abd-Elmabod SK, Aldosari AA, et al (2020) Multivariate analysis for assessing irrigation water quality: a case study of the Bahr Mouise Canal, Eastern Nile Delta. Water 12

    Google Scholar 

  • Abrol IP, Bhumbla DR (1979) Crop responses to differential gypsum applications in a highly sodic soil and the tolerance of several crops to exchangeable sodium under field conditions. Soil Sci 127

    Google Scholar 

  • Abrol IP, Yadav JSP, Massoud FI (1988) Salt-affected soils and their management. FAO Soils Bulletin No. 39, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Aquastat (2016) FAO’s information system on water and agriculture [WWW Document]

    Google Scholar 

  • Bajwa MS, Swarup A (2012) Soil salinity and alkalinity. In: Goswami NN, Rattan RK, Dev G, et al (eds) Fundamentals of soil science, 2nd edn. New Delhi, pp 329–339

    Google Scholar 

  • Barakat M, Cheviron B, Angulo-Jaramillo R (2016) Influence of the irrigation technique and strategies on the nitrogen cycle and budget: a review. Agric Water Manag 178:225–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.09.027

  • Barman A, Basak N, Narjary B, Mitran T (2021) Land degradation assessment using geospatial techniques BT—geospatial technologies for crops and soils. In: Mitran T, Meena RS, Chakraborty A (eds) Springer, Singapore, pp 421–453

    Google Scholar 

  • Basak N, Chaudhuri SK, Sharma DK (2015) Influence of water quality on exchange phase-solution phase behavior of texturally different salt-affected soils. J Indian Soc Soil Sci 64:365–372. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-0228.2015.00048.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blankespoor B, Dasgupta S, Lange G-M (2017) Mangroves as a protection from storm surges in a changing climate. Ambio 46:478–491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-016-0838-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cai X, Sharma BR, Matin MA, et al (2010) An assessment of crop water productivity in the Indus and Ganges river basins: current status and scope for improvement. IMWI Research Report 140. Columbo

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaganti VN, Crohn DM (2015) Evaluating the relative contribution of physiochemical and biological factors in ameliorating a saline–sodic soil amended with composts and biochar and leached with reclaimed water. Geoderma 259–260:45–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.05.005

  • Chang AC, Silva DB (2014) Prologue BT—salinity and drainage in San Joaquin Valley, California: science, technology, and policy. In: Chang AC, Brawer Silva D (eds) Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Chinchmalatpure A, Ali S, Kulshrestra N, et al (2015) Intellectual property management and commercialization of ICAR-CSSRI technologies for management of salt-affected and waterlogged soils of India. ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Haryana

    Google Scholar 

  • Choudhary OP, Ghuman BS, Bijay-Singh, et al (2011) Effects of long-term use of sodic water irrigation, amendments and crop residues on soil properties and crop yields in rice–wheat crop** system in a calcareous soil. Field Crop Res 121:363–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.01.004

  • Dagar JC, Lal K, Ram J, et al (2016) Eucalyptus geometry in agroforestry on waterlogged saline soils influences plant and soil traits in North-West India. Agric Ecosyst Environ 233:33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.08.025

  • Dasgupta S, Hossain MM, Huq M, Wheeler D (2015) Climate change and soil salinity: the case of coastal Bangladesh. Ambio 44:815–826. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-015-0681-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Datta A, Setia R, Barman A, et al (2019) Carbondynamics in salt-affected soils. In: Dagar J, Yadav R, Sharma P (eds) Research developments in saline agriculture. Springer, Singapore

    Google Scholar 

  • Ding Z, Kheir AMS, Ali OAM, et al (2021) A vermicompost and deep tillage system to improve saline-sodic soil quality and wheat productivity. J Environ Manag 277:111388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111388

  • Falloon P, Betts R (2010) Climate impacts on European agriculture and water management in the context of adaptation and mitigation—the importance of an integrated approach. Sci Total Environ 408:5667–5687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.002

  • FAO-AQUASTAT (2013) Area equipped for irrigation and percentage of cultivated land. http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/globalmaps/index.stm. Accessed 16 Sep 2013

  • FAO (2021) Salt-affected soils are global issue, ITPS Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils, Soil Letters, No 3

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO I (2015) Status of the world’s soil resources—main report. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils, Rome, Italy

    Google Scholar 

  • Fishman R (2018) Groundwater depletion limits the scope for adaptation to increased rainfall variability in India. Clim Change 147:195–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-018-2146-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ganjegunte GK, Clark JA, Parajulee MN, et al (2018) Salinity management in pima cotton fields using sulfur burner. Agrosyst Geosci Environ 1:180006. https://doi.org/10.2134/age2018.04.0006

  • Ghassemi F, Jakeman AJ, Nix HA (1995) Stalinization of land and water resources: human causes, extent, management and case studies. CABI, Wallingford, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta M, Srivastava PK, Shikha, et al (2016) Use of a bioaugmented organic soil amendment in combination with gypsum for withania somnifera growth on sodic soil. Pedosphere 26:299–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(15)60044-3

  • Gupta RN, Mathur A (2011) Origin, distribution and classification of the salt-affected soils of India. In: Rattan R, Singh AK (eds) Bulletin of the Indian society of soil science. Indian Society of Soil Science, New Delhi, India, pp 1–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen JA, Jurgens BC, Fram MS (2018) Quantifying anthropogenic contributions to century-scale groundwater salinity changes, San Joaquin Valley, California, USA. Sci Total Environ 642:125–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.333

  • Hayat K, Bundschuh J, Jan F et al (2020) Combating soil salinity with combining saline agriculture and phytomanagement with salt-accumulating plants. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 50:1085–1115. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2019.1646087

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hopmans JW, Qureshi AS, Kisekka I, et al (2021) Chapter one—Critical knowledge gaps and research priorities in global soil salinity. In: Sparks DLBT-A in A (ed) Academic Press, pp 1–191

    Google Scholar 

  • Hussain N, Ghaffar A, Zafar ZU et al (2021) Identification of novel source of salt tolerance in local bread wheat germplasm using morpho-physiological and biochemical attributes. Sci Rep 11:10854. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-90280-w

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hussain N, Hamdy G, Arshadullah M, Mujeeb F (2001) Evaluation of amendments for the improvement of physical properties of sodic soil. Int J Agric Biol 3:319–322

    Google Scholar 

  • Imran MA, Xu J, Sultan M, et al (2021) Free discharge of subsurface drainage effluent: an alternate design of the surface drain system in Pakistan. Sustain 13

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivushkin K, Bartholomeus H, Bregt AK, et al (2019) Global map** of soil salinity change. Remote Sens Environ 231:111260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111260

  • Jobbágy EG, Tóth T, Nosetto MD, Earman S (2017) On the fundamental causes of high environmental alkalinity (ph ≥ 9): an assessment of its drivers and global distribution. L Degrad Dev 28:1973–1981. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2718

  • Kamra SK, Kumar S, Kumar N, Dagar JC (2019) Engineering and biological approaches for drainage of irrigated lands BT—research developments in saline agriculture. In: Yadav RK, Sharma PC (eds) Dagar JC. Springer, Singapore, pp 537–577

    Google Scholar 

  • Krishnamurthy SL, Sharma PC, Sharma DK et al (2017) Identification of mega-environments and rice genotypes for general and specific adaptation to saline and alkaline stresses in India. Sci Rep 7:7968. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08532-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu J, Rong Q, Zhao Y (2017) Variations in soil nutrients and salinity caused by tamarisk in the coastal wetland of the Laizhou Bay, China. Ecosphere 8:e01672. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1672

  • Luo J-Q, Wang L-L, Li Q-S, et al (2015) Improvement of hard saline–sodic soils using polymeric aluminum ferric sulfate (PAFS). Soil Tillage Res 149:12–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2014.12.014

  • Mahajan GR, Das B, Manivannan S, et al (2021) Soil and water conservation measures improve soil carbon sequestration and soil quality under cashews. Int J Sediment Res 36:190–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2020.07.009

  • Mandal AK, Obi Reddy GP, Ravisankar T (2011) Digital database of salt affected soils in India using geographic information system. J Soil Salin Water Qual 3:16–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandal S, Raju R, Kumar A et al (2018) Current status of research, technology response and policy needs of salt-affected soils in India—a review. J Indian Soc Coast Agric Res 36:40–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandal S, Mandal UK, Lama TD et al (2019a) Economic analysis of farm-level agricultural risks in coastal region of West Bengal in India. J Soil Salin Water Qual 11:269–279

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandal UK, Burman D, Bhardwaj AK, et al (2019b) Waterlogging and coastal salinity management through land sha** and crop** intensification in climatically vulnerable Indian Sundarbans. Agric Water Manag 216:12–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019b.01.012

  • Mashali AM (1995) Integrated soil management for sustainable use of salt-affected soils and network activities. In: Proceedings of the international workshop on integrated soil management for sustainable use of salt-affected soils. Bureau of soils and water. Manila, Philippines, pp 55–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Mateo-Sagasta J, Burke J (2011) Agriculture and water quality interactions: a global overview (SOLAW Background Thematic Report-T R08, FAO)

    Google Scholar 

  • Minhas PS, Ramos TB, Ben-Gal A, Pereira LS (2020) Co** with salinity in irrigated agriculture: crop evapotranspiration and water management issues. Agric Water Manag 227:105832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.105832

  • Mishra VK, Jha SK, Damodaran T, et al (2019) Feasibility of coal combustion fly ash alone and in combination with gypsum and green manure for reclamation of degraded sodic soils of the Indo-Gangetic plains: a mechanism evaluation. L Degrad Dev 30:1300–1312. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3308

  • Murtaza G (2013) Economic aspects of growing rice and wheat crops on salt-affected soils in the Indus Basin of Pakistan (unpublished data). Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Google Scholar 

  • Murtaza B, Zaman G, Imran M et al (2019) Municipal solid waste compost improves crop productivity in saline-sodic soil: a multivariate analysis of soil chemical properties and yield response. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 50:1013–1029. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2019.1603305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murtaza G, Rehman MZ, Qadir M et al (2021) High residual sodium carbonate water in the Indian subcontinent: concerns, challenges and remediation. Int J Environ Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-020-03066-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nachshon U (2018) Cropland soil salinization and associated hydrology: trends, processes and examples. Water 10

    Google Scholar 

  • Nayak AK, Mishra VK, Sharma DK et al (2013) Efficiency of phosphogypsum and mined gypsum in reclamation and productivity of rice-wheat crop** system in sodic soil. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 44:909–921. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2012.747601

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Negacz K, Vellinga P, Barrett-Lennard E, et al (eds) (2021) Future of sustainable agriculture in saline environmentsnull. Taylor & Francis

    Google Scholar 

  • Neubauer SC, Piehler MF, Smyth AR, Franklin RB (2019) Saltwater intrusion modifies microbial community structure and decreases denitrification in tidal freshwater marshes. Ecosystems 22:912–928. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-018-0312-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pitman AJ, Narisma GT, Pielke Sr. RA, Holbrook NJ (2004) Impact of land cover change on the climate of southwest Western Australia. J Geophys Res Atmos 109. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004347

  • Qadir M, Qureshi RH, Ahmad N, Ilyas M (1996) Salt-tolerant forage cultivation on a saline-sodic field for biomass production and soil reclamation. L Degrad Dev 7:11–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-145X(199603)7:1<11::AID-LDR211>3.0.CO;2-C

  • Qadir M, Quillérou E, Nangia V, et al (2014) Economics of salt-induced land degradation and restoration. Nat Resour Forum 38:282–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12054

  • Qadir M, Schubert S, Oster JD, et al (2018) High‑magnesium waters and soils: emerging environmental and food security constraints. Sci Total Environ 642:1108–1117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.090

  • Rai AK, Basak N, Sundha P (2020a) Chemistry of salt-affected soils. In: Minhas PS, Yadav RK, Sharma PC (eds) Managing Salt-Affected Soils for Sustainable Agriculture. Directorate of Knowledge Management in Agriculture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, India

    Google Scholar 

  • Rai AK, Basak N, Sundha P (2020b) Alternate reclamation sources of sodic soils. In: Minhas PS, Yadav RK, Sharma PC (eds) Managing Salt-Affected Soils for Sustainable Agriculture. Directorate of Knowledge Management in Agriculture, Indian Councilof Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Rai AK, Basak N, Soni PG, Kumar S, Sundha P, Narjary B, Yadav G, Patel S, Kaur H, Yadav RK, Sharma PC (2022) Bioenergy sorghum as balancing feedback loop for intensification of crop** system in salt-affected soils of the semi–arid region: energetics biomass quality and soil properties. Eur J Agron 134:126452 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2021.126452

  • Raiesi F, Kabiri V (2016) Identification of soil quality indicators for assessing the effect of different tillage practices through a soil quality index in a semi-arid environment. Ecol Indic 71:198–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.06.061

  • Ranatunga K, Nation ER, Barodien G (2010) Potential use of saline groundwater for irrigation in the Murray hydrogeological basin of Australia. Environ Model Softw 25:1188–1196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2010.03.028

  • Rasouli F, Kiani Pouya A, Karimian N (2013) Wheat yield and physico-chemical properties of a sodic soil from semi-arid area of Iran as affected by applied gypsum. Geoderma 193–194:246–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.10.001

  • Rengasamy P (2006) World salinization with emphasis on Australia. J Exp Bot 57:1017–1023. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erj108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rengasamy P (2016) Soil chemistry factors confounding crop salinity tolerance—a review. Agronomy 6:53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roxy MK, Ritika K, Terray P et al (2015) Drying of Indian subcontinent by rapid Indian Ocean warming and a weakening land-sea thermal gradient. Nat Commun 6:7423. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8423

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • SAC (2016) Desertification and Land Degradation Atlas of India (Based on IRS AWiFS data of 2011–13 and 2003–05). Ahmedabad, India

    Google Scholar 

  • Shahid SA, Zaman M, Heng L (2018) Soil salinity: historical perspectives and a world overview of the problem BT—guideline for salinity assessment, mitigation and adaptation using nuclear and related techniques. In: Shahid SA, Heng L (eds) Zaman M. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 43–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma P, Swarup A (1997) Comparison of pyrites varying in water-soluble sulfur with gypsum for the reclamation of alkali soils under a rice-wheat rotation. Biol Fertil Soils 24:96–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01420227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma DK, Thimmappa K, Chinchmalatpure AR, Mandal AK, et al (2015) Assessment of production and monetary losses from salt-affected soils in India. Technical Bulletin. Karnal, Haryana, India

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma SK, Kulshreshtha N, Kumar A et al (2018) Waterlogging effects on elemental composition of wheat genotypes in sodic soils. J Plant Nutr 41:1252–1262. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2018.1434541

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheoran P, Basak N, Kumar A, et al (2021a) Ameliorants and salt tolerant varieties improve rice-wheat production in soils undergoing sodification with alkali water irrigation in Indo–Gangetic Plains of India. Agric Water Manag 243:106492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106492

  • Sheoran P, Kumar A, Sharma R, et al (2021b) Managing sodic soils for better productivity and farmers’ income by integrating use of salt tolerant rice varieties and matching agronomic practices. Field Crop Res 270:108192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2021c.108192

  • Shirale AO, Kharche VK, Wakode RR et al (2018) Influence of gypsum and organic amendments on soil properties and crop productivity in degraded black soils of central India. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 49:2418–2428. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2018.1510952

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sione SMJ, Wilson MG, Lado M, González AP (2017) Evaluation of soil degradation produced by rice crop systems in a Vertisol, using a soil quality index. CATENA 150:79–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2016.11.011

  • Soni PG, Basak N, Rai AK et al (2021) Deficit saline water irrigation under reduced tillage and residue mulch improves soil health in sorghum-wheat crop** system in semi-arid region. Sci Rep 11:1880. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80364-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sundha P, Basak N, Rai A, et al (2017) N and P release pattern in saline-sodic soil amended with gypsum and municipal solid waste compost. J Soil Salinity Water Qual 9:145–155

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundha P, Basak N, Rai AK et al (2018) Utilization of municipal solid waste compost in reclamation of saline-sodic soil irrigated with poor quality water. J Indian Soc Soil Sci 66:28–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sundha P, Basak N, Rai AK, et al (2020) Can conjunctive use of gypsum, city waste composts and marginal quality water rehabilitate saline-sodic soils? Soil Tillage Res 200:104608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2020.104608

  • Sundha P, Rai AK, Basak N, et al (2022) P solubility and release kinetics in the leachate of saline–sodic soil: effect of reclamation strategies and water quality. Soil Tillage Res 222:105440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2022.105440

  • Tavakkoli E, Rengasamy P, Smith E, McDonald GK (2015) The effect of cation–anion interactions on soil pH and solubility of organic carbon. Eur J Soil Sci 66:1054–1062. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12294

  • UNEP (1992) Proceedings of the Ad-hoc expert group meeting to discuss global soil databases and appraisal of GLASOD/SOTER, February 24–28. Nairobi, UNEP

    Google Scholar 

  • Vyshpolsky F, Mukhamedjanov K, Bekbaev U, et al (2010) Optimizing the rate and timing of phosphogypsum application to magnesium-affected soils for crop yield and water productivity enhancement. Agric Water Manag 97:1277–1286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2010.02.020

  • Wasko C, Sharma A (2017) Global assessment of flood and storm extremes with increased temperatures. Sci Rep 7:7945. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08481-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watson W, Hall NH, Hamblin A (2000) Economic aspects of sodic, acid and saline soils in Australia. Tatura, VIC, Australia, p 3

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu X, Huang G, Sun C, et al (2013) Assessing the effects of water table depth on water use, soil salinity and wheat yield: searching for a target depth for irrigated areas in the upper Yellow River basin. Agric Water Manag 125:46–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2013.04.004

  • Yaduvanshi NPS, Swarup A (2005) Effect of continuous use of sodic irrigation water with and without gypsum, farmyard manure, pressmud and fertilizer on soil properties and yields of rice and wheat in a long term experiment. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 73:111–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-005-3361-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao Y, Wang S, Li Y, et al (2018) Extensive reclamation of saline-sodic soils with flue gas desulfurization gypsum on the Songnen Plain, Northeast China. Geoderma 321:52–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.01.033

  • Zhao Y, Zhang W, Wang S, et al (2020) Effects of soil moisture on the reclamation of sodic soil by flue gas desulfurization gypsum. Geoderma 375:114485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114485

  • Zia MH, Sabir M, Ghafoor A, Murtaza G (2007) Effectiveness of Sulphuric Acid and Gypsum for the Reclamation of a Calcareous Saline-Sodic Soil Under Four Crop Rotations. J Agron Crop Sci 193:262–269. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037X.2007.00262.x

  • Zwart SJ, Bastiaanssen WGM (2004) Review of measured crop water productivity values for irrigated wheat, rice, cotton and maize. Agric Water Manag 69:115–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2004.04.007

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India

    Nirmalendu Basak, Arvind Kumar Rai, Arijit Barman, Subashis Mandal, Parul Sundha, Sandeep Bedwal, Sanjay Kumar, Rajender Kumar Yadav & Parbodh Chander Sharma

Authors
  1. Nirmalendu Basak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Arvind Kumar Rai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Arijit Barman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Subashis Mandal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Parul Sundha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Sandeep Bedwal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Sanjay Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Rajender Kumar Yadav
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Parbodh Chander Sharma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Nirmalendu Basak or Arvind Kumar Rai .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Geography, Raja N. L. Khan Womens College (Autonomous), Midnapore, West Bengal, India

    Pravat Kumar Shit

  2. Soil Science, ICAR Indian Institute of Water Management, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

    Partha Pratim Adhikary

  3. GIS Scientist, TPF Getinsa Euroestudios S.l, Gurgaon, Haryana, India

    Gouri Sankar Bhunia

  4. Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India

    Debashish Sengupta

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Basak, N. et al. (2022). Salt Affected Soils: Global Perspectives. In: Shit, P.K., Adhikary, P.P., Bhunia, G.S., Sengupta, D. (eds) Soil Health and Environmental Sustainability. Environmental Science and Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09270-1_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation