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Irrigation Management by Using Digital Technologies

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Water and Wastewater Management

Part of the book series: Water and Wastewater Management ((WWWE))

Abstract

Population growth and changes in people's consumption habits cause an increase in the need for agricultural production. All over the world, generally, most of the water resources under control are used for irrigation in agriculture. Especially in arid and semi-arid regions, plant production without irrigation is often not economically sustainable. Although most of the agricultural needs are provided from irrigated agricultural areas, the amount of crops produced per unit of water is relatively low due to the low irrigation efficiency. Pressurized and modern irrigation systems are supported and encouraged by governments in many countries. However, the widespread use of these systems cannot provide the expected increase in irrigation efficiency, because irrigation management is more critical than irrigation infrastructure in irrigation efficiency. During the 1990's, to improve water use efficiency in agriculture, training farmers and using computer-based decision support systems about irrigation were essential activities. Recently, irrigation management systems based on digital technologies have come to the fore. These digital-based systems have made it possible for farmers to use recent scientific approaches related to soil, plant, atmosphere, and water relationships. These systems primarily work based on data obtained from sensors used to monitor soil, vegetation, and meteorological parameters, and spectral and thermal images acquired by satellite and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). Many computer software and applications for portable devices have been developed to convert these data into information to be used in irrigation management. By integrating these systems with equipment that will allow the irrigation systems to be operated automatically, producers can have the opportunity to perform much more precise and/or variable rate irrigation. These digital systems can be used in individual farms, large irrigation networks, and water resources management in water basins. This review aims to evaluate the current research studies and developed systems for the use of digital technologies in irrigation management.

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Abbreviations

ALEXI:

Atmosphere-Land Exchange Inverse

BLUE:

Blue region of electromagnetic spectrum

CWSI:

Crop Water Stress Index

ETa:

Actual evapotranspiration

ETc:

The evapotranspiration of a selected crop

EVI:

Enhanced Vegetation Index

FDR:

Frequency domain reflectometers

G:

Soil heat flux

GREEN:

Green region of electromagnetic spectrum

H:

Sensible heat flux

Kc:

Plant coefficient

Kcb:

Basal plant coefficient

Ky:

Water yield response factor

LE:

Latent heat flux

LSWI:

Land Surface Water Index

LWP:

Leaf water potential

MAD:

Moisture Allowable Deficit

METRIC:

Map** ET at high resolution and with Internalized Calibration

NDVI:

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

NDWI:

Normalized Difference Water Index

NIR:

Near Infrared region of electromagnetic spectrum

NMM:

Neutron moisture meter

RED:

Red region of electromagnetic spectrum

RED-EDGE:

Red-Edge region of electromagnetic spectrum

Rn:

Net radiation

SAVI:

Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index

SEBAL:

Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land

SEBS:

Surface Energy Balance System

SR:

Simple Ratio

SWIR:

Short wave infrared region of electromagnetic spectrum

SWP:

Stem water potential

TAW:

Total Available Water

TDR:

Time Domain Reflectometer

TSEB:

Two Source Energy Balance

Ts–Ta:

The difference between surface temperature and atmosphere temperature

UAV:

Un-manned aerial vehicle

VRI:

Variable rate irrigation

WDI:

Water Deficit Index

WUE:

Water use efficiency

εa:

Dielectric permittivity

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  1. Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Structures and Irrigation, Ondouz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey

    Eyüp Selim Köksal, Emre Tunca & Sakine Çetin Taner

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  1. Eyüp Selim Köksal
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  1. Institut für Ökologische und Nachhaltige Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany

    Müfit Bahadir

  2. Leichtweiss-Institut für Wasserbau, Exceed, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany

    Andreas Haarstrick

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Köksal, E.S., Tunca, E., Taner, S.Ç. (2022). Irrigation Management by Using Digital Technologies. In: Bahadir, M., Haarstrick, A. (eds) Water and Wastewater Management. Water and Wastewater Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95288-4_20

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