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Epigenetic Epidemiology of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes

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Epigenetic Epidemiology

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity are multifactorial and polygenic metabolic diseases. Combinations of genetic and non-genetic risk factors such as risk SNPs, age, unhealthy diets, and physical inactivity increase the risk for these diseases. Emerging data also support a key role for epigenetic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of T2D and obesity. In this chapter, we summarize current knowledge of epigenetic alterations found in individuals with T2D and obesity. We present studies performed in blood, as well as human tissues important for metabolism, i.e., adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, liver, and pancreatic islets. These studies have found differential DNA methylation associated with both T2D and obesity. Although some studies exist, there is still limited information regarding histone modifications in human tissues linked to metabolic diseases. We finally explore how epigenetic mechanisms may be targeted by epigenetic editing and inhibitors of epigenetic enzymes for future therapies and precision medicine in T2D and obesity.

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Abbreviations

BMI:

Body mass index

BWS:

Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome

Cas:

CRISPR associated system

ChIP:

Chromatin immunoprecipitation

CRISPR:

Clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats

DMR:

Differentially methylated region

DNMT:

DNA methyltransferase

EWAS:

Epigenome-wide association study

GWAS:

Genome-wide association study

HDAC:

Histone deacetylase

ICR:

Imprinting control region

mQTL:

Methylation quantitative trait locus

PBL:

Peripheral blood lymphocyte

PBMC:

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells

SAM:

S-adenosylmethionine

SAT:

Subcutaneous adipose tissue

sgRNA:

Single guide RNA

T2D:

Type 2 diabetes

TALES:

Transcription activator-like effectors

TET:

Ten eleven translocation

VAT:

Visceral adipose tissue

WB:

Western blot

WGBS:

Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing

ZF:

Zinc finger

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Epigenetics and Diabetes Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Scania University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden

    Charlotte Ling, Sabrina Ruhrmann, Johanna Säll, Karl Bacos & Tina Rönn

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  1. Charlotte Ling
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  2. Sabrina Ruhrmann
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  3. Johanna Säll
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Correspondence to Charlotte Ling .

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  1. Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, USA

    Karin B. Michels

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Ling, C., Ruhrmann, S., Säll, J., Bacos, K., Rönn, T. (2022). Epigenetic Epidemiology of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. In: Michels, K.B. (eds) Epigenetic Epidemiology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94475-9_19

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