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Physiology of the Pituitary Hormone Secretion

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Pituitary Adenomas

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Abstract

The pituitary is considered the master gland of the organism since it controls a multiplicity of biological processes, including growth, reproduction, whole-body metabolism, or stress. This gland is comprised by two main structurally and functionally distinct areas named adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis. These regions have different developmental origins and exert diverse functional roles in whole human physiology through the secretion of a variety of hormones, including growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), thyrotropin-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), oxytocin, and vasopressin. In this context, the secretion of pituitary hormones is a complex physiological process finely regulated by a plethora of signals. Initially, it was thought that the synthesis and release of pituitary hormones was mainly controlled by central signals. However, it is now known that each pituitary cell type has a particular profile of receptors for a wide variety of central and peripheral neuroendocrine signals, which are intracellularly integrated to finely regulate the secretion of all the types of pituitary hormones. This chapter will comprehensively review the most relevant information regarding the physiology and regulation of the secretion of the different pituitary hormones.

The chapter has been endorsed by Dr Giampaolo Trivellin , , Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS, Rozzano – Milan, Italy

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Abbreviations

Ach:

Acetylcholine

AC:

Adenylate cyclase

ACTH:

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

AII:

Angiotensin II

ADH:

Antidiuretic hormone

AVP:

Arginine-vasopressin

BDNF:

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

CNS:

Central nervous system

CRH:

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

CST:

Cortistatin

cAMP:

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

DRDs:

DA receptors

DA:

Dopamine

DRD2:

Dopamine receptor subtype-2

FST:

Follistatin

FSH:

Follicle-stimulating hormone

GHRH:

GH-releasing hormone

GHSR1a:

GH-secretagogue receptor 1a

GHRL:

Ghrelin

GABA:

γ-aminobutyric acid

GAP:

GNRH-associated peptide

GnIH:

Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone

GNRH:

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

GNRHR:

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor

GH:

Growth hormone

GPCR:

Seven trans-membrane G protein-coupled receptor

GHRHR:

GH-releasing hormone Receptor

hCG:

Human chorionic gonadotropin

HPA:

Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal

IGF1:

Insulin-like growth factor 1

KISS1:

Kisspeptin

LH:

Luteinizing hormone

MNCS:

Magnocellular neurosecretory cells

mTOR:

Mammalian Target of Rapamycin

MC1R, MC3R, MC4Rand MC5R, excludingthe ACTH-specificreceptor MC2R:

Melanocortin receptor

MRGX2:

Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor member X2

MSH:

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

MT:

Melatonin

MAPKs:

Mitogen-activated protein kinases

NST:

Neuronostatin

NPY:

Neuropeptide Y

NA:

Noradrenaline

NE:

Norepinephrine

NPY:

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone

OT:

Oxytocin

PAC1R:

PACAP type 1 receptors

PLC:

Phospholipase C

PACAP:

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide

POMC:

Precursor hormone proopiomelanocortin

PRL-R:

PRL receptor

PRL:

Prolactin

PKA:

Protein kinase A

PKC:

Protein kinase C

PitNETs:

Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors

RFRPs:

RF-related peptides

5-HT:

Serotonin

SST:

Somatostatin

SSTR:

Somatostatin Receptor

SRIF:

Somatotropin-release inhibitory factor

SF1:

Steroidogenic factor-1

TRH:

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

T4:

Thyroxine

T3:

Triiodothyronine

TSH:

Thyrotropin-stimulating hormone

VIP:

Vasoactive intestinal peptide

VPAC1:

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor 1

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain

    Antonio C. Fuentes-Fayos, Emilia Alors-Perez, Juan M. Jiménez-Vacas, Vicente Herrero-Aguayo, Prudencio Sáez-Martínez, Juan L. Lopez-Cánovas, María C. Vázquez-Borrego, Justo P. Castaño, Manuel D. Gahete & Raúl M. Luque

  2. Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain

    Antonio C. Fuentes-Fayos, Emilia Alors-Perez, Juan M. Jiménez-Vacas, Vicente Herrero-Aguayo, Prudencio Sáez-Martínez, Juan L. Lopez-Cánovas, María C. Vázquez-Borrego, Justo P. Castaño, Manuel D. Gahete & Raúl M. Luque

  3. CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain

    Antonio C. Fuentes-Fayos, Emilia Alors-Perez, Juan M. Jiménez-Vacas, Vicente Herrero-Aguayo, Prudencio Sáez-Martínez, Juan L. Lopez-Cánovas, María C. Vázquez-Borrego, Justo P. Castaño, Manuel D. Gahete & Raúl M. Luque

  4. Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

    Rhonda D. Kineman

  5. Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA

    Rhonda D. Kineman

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  1. Antonio C. Fuentes-Fayos
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  2. Emilia Alors-Perez
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Correspondence to Raúl M. Luque .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Hermitage Medical Clinic, Dublin, Ireland

    Gianluca Tamagno

  2. Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain

    Manuel D. Gahete

Ethics declarations

 This work was funded by the Junta de Andalucía (BIO-0139, P20_00442), MINECO/MECD (FPU16/05059, FPU16/06190, FPU17/00263, PID2019-105564RB-100), and CIBERobn. CIBER is an initiative of Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad, Spain.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Fuentes-Fayos, A.C. et al. (2022). Physiology of the Pituitary Hormone Secretion. In: Tamagno, G., Gahete, M.D. (eds) Pituitary Adenomas. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90475-3_2

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