Abstract
The basic foundations and building blocks of General Relativity are discussed with a view to introduce various modifications and extensions of the theory. After a brief discussion of matter couplings, Einstein–Cartan theory and the Teleparallel Equivalent of General Relativity are introduced, these can be seen as the linear extensions. This is followed by nonlinear extensions which include many topical modified theories of gravity currently being studied.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
If the affine connection differs from the Christoffel symbol components by a totally skew-symmetric piece, geodesics and autoparallels would also coincide.
References
T. Kaluza, Zum Unitätsproblem der Physik. Sitzungsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (Math. Phys.) 1921, 966–972 (1921). ar**v:1803.08616. [Int. J. Mod. Phys.D 27(14), 1870001 (2018)]
O. Klein, Quantum theory and five-dimensional theory of relativity. (In German and English). Z. Phys. 37, 895–906 (1926)
H.F.M. Goenner, On the history of unified field theories. Living Rev. Relat. 7, 2 (2004)
H.F.M. Goenner, On the history of unified field theories. part ii. (ca. 1930–ca. 1965). Living Rev. Relat. 17, 5 (2014)
F.W. Hehl, P. Von Der Heyde, G.D. Kerlick, J.M. Nester, General relativity with spin and torsion: foundations and prospects. Rev. Mod. Phys. 48, 393–416 (1976)
F.W. Hehl, J. McCrea, E.W. Mielke, Y. Ne’eman, Metric affine gauge theory of gravity: field equations, Noether identities, world spinors, and breaking of dilation invariance. Phys. Rept. 258, 1–171 (1995). [gr-qc/9402012]
C. G. Böhmer, Introduction to General Relativity and Cosmology. Essential Textbooks in Physics, vol. 2. (World Scientific (Europe), 2016)
M. Blagojević, F.W. Hehl (eds.), Gauge Theories of Gravitation (World Scientific, Singapore, 2013)
Y.N. Obukhov, Poincare gauge gravity: selected topics. Int. J. Geom. Meth. Mod. Phys. 3, 95–138 (2006). [gr-qc/0601090]
R. Aldrovandi, J.G. Pereira, Teleparallel Gravity, vol. 173 (Springer, Dordrecht, 2013)
A. Ashtekar, New variables for classical and quantum gravity. Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 2244–2247 (1986)
A. Ashtekar, New Hamiltonian formulation of general relativity. Phys. Rev. D 36, 1587–1602 (1987)
J.F.G. Barbero, Real Ashtekar variables for Lorentzian signature space times. Phys. Rev. D51, 5507–5510 (1995). [gr-qc/9410014]
S. Holst, Barbero’s Hamiltonian derived from a generalized Hilbert-Palatini action. Phys. Rev. D 53, 5966–5969 (1996). [gr-qc/9511026]
G. Immirzi, Real and complex connections for canonical gravity. Class. Quant. Grav. 14, L177–L181 (1997). [gr-qc/9612030]
T. Thiemann, Modern Canonical Quantum General Relativity. Cambridge Monographs on Mathematical Physics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007)
J.B. Jiménez, L. Heisenberg, T.S. Koivisto, The geometrical trinity of gravity. Universe 5(7), 173 (2019). ar**v:1903.06830
J.W. Maluf, The teleparallel equivalent of general relativity. Annalen Phys. 525, 339–357 (2013). ar**v:1303.3897
Yu.N. Obukhov, J.G. Pereira, Metric affine approach to teleparallel gravity. Phys. Rev. D 67, 044016 (2003). [gr-qc/0212080]
J.W. Maluf, Dirac spinor fields in the teleparallel gravity: comment on ‘Metric affine approach to teleparallel gravity’. Phys. Rev. D 67, 108501 (2003). [gr-qc/0304005]
E.W. Mielke, Consistent coupling to Dirac fields in teleparallelism: comment on ‘Metric-affine approach to teleparallel gravity’. Phys. Rev. D 69, 128501 (2004)
Yu.N. Obukhov, J.G. Pereira, Lessons of spin and torsion: reply to ‘Consistent coupling to Dirac fields in teleparallelism’. Phys. Rev. D 69, 128502 (2004). [gr-qc/0406015]
M. Leclerc, On the teleparallel limit of Poincare gauge theory. Phys. Rev. D 71, 027503 (2005). [gr-qc/0411119]
J.D. Barrow, A.C. Ottewill, The stability of general relativistic cosmological theory. J. Phys. A 16, 2757 (1983)
S. Capozziello, Curvature quintessence. Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 11, 483–492 (2002). [gr-qc/0201033]
S. Capozziello, S. Carloni, A. Troisi, Quintessence without scalar fields. Recent Res. Dev. Astron. Astrophys. 1, 625 (2003). [astro-ph/0303041]
T.P. Sotiriou, V. Faraoni, f(R) Theories Of Gravity. Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 451–497 (2010). ar**v:0805.1726
A. De Felice, S. Tsujikawa, f(R) theories. Living Rev. Rel. 13, 3 (2010). ar**v:1002.4928
S. Nojiri, S.D. Odintsov, Unified cosmic history in modified gravity: from F(R) theory to Lorentz non-invariant models. Phys. Rept. 505, 59–144 (2011). ar**v:1011.0544
T. Harko, F.S.N. Lobo, Extensions of f(R) Gravity (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2018)
R. Ferraro, F. Fiorini, Modified teleparallel gravity: inflation without inflaton. Phys. Rev. D 75, 084031 (2007). [gr-qc/0610067]
S. Capozziello, M. De Laurentis, Extended theories of gravity. Phys. Rept. 509, 167–321 (2011). ar**v:1108.6266
Y.-F. Cai, S. Capozziello, M. De Laurentis, E.N. Saridakis, f(T) teleparallel gravity and cosmology. Rept. Prog. Phys. 79(10), 106901 (2016). ar**v:1511.07586
S. Bahamonde, C.G. Böhmer, M. Wright, Modified teleparallel theories of gravity. Phys. Rev. D92(10), 104042 (2015). ar**v:1508.05120
M. Krssak, R.J. van den Hoogen, J.G. Pereira, C.G. Böhmer, A.A. Coley, Teleparallel theories of gravity: illuminating a fully invariant approach. Class. Quant. Grav. 36(18), 183001 (2019). ar**v:1810.12932
R. Ferraro, M.J. Guzmán, Hamiltonian formalism for f(T) gravity. Phys. Rev. D97(10), 104028 (2018). ar**v:1802.02130
R. Ferraro, M.J. Guzmán, Quest for the extra degree of freedom in \(f(T)\)gravity, Phys. Rev. D98(12), 124037 (2018). ar**v:1810.07171
M. Blagojević, J.M. Nester, Local symmetries and physical degrees of freedom in \(f(T)\) gravity: a Dirac Hamiltonian constraint analysis. Phys. Rev. D 102(6), 064025 (2020). ar**v:2006.15303
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Böhmer, C.G. (2021). Foundations of Gravity—Modifications and Extensions. In: Saridakis, E.N., et al. Modified Gravity and Cosmology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83715-0_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83715-0_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-83714-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-83715-0
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)