SpringerLink
Log in

Profile and Assessment of Psychopathy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Complexity of Psychopathy

Part of the book series: Dangerous Behavior in Clinical and Forensic Psychology ((DBCFP))

  • 1808 Accesses

Abstract

Clinicians and legal professionals are often familiar with psychopathic individuals, who account for a sizable portion of most incarcerated or forensic populations, and whose characteristic interpersonal, affective, and behavioral features distinguish them from other antisocial individuals. Psychopathy represents as a construct distinct from other antisocial syndromes, associated with different causal models and treatment responses (Hare RD, Can Psychol 57:21–54, 2016; Lykken DT, The antisocial personalities. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, 1995; Verona E, Sprague J, Sadeh N, J Abnormal Psychol 121:498–510, 2012). This chapter will provide an overview of the clinical features of psychopathy, with a primary emphasis on those characteristics highlighted by Cleckley (The Mask of Sanity. Mosby, St. Louis, 1941/1988) in his seminal work The Mask of Sanity. It will then review the most commonly used diagnostic instruments, including the PCL-R and its progeny, as well as several well-validated, alternate measures of the construct. Throughout, the chapter will consider some of the key points of contention or controversy relevant to assessment of the syndrome, including the underlying structure and potential heterogeneity of psychopathy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
EUR 29.95
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
EUR 93.08
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
EUR 117.69
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
EUR 160.49
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Author.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Andershed, H., Kerr, M., Stattin, H., & Levander, S. (2002). Psychopathic traits in non-referred youths: A new assessment tool. In E. Blaauw & L. Sheridan (Eds.), Psychopaths: Current international perspectives (pp. 131–158). Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andershed, H., Hodgins, S., & Tengstrom, A. (2007). Convergent validity of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI): Association with the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV). Assessment, 14, 144–154.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, N. E., Stanford, M. S., Wan, L., & Young, K. A. (2011). High psychopathic trait females exhibit reduced startle potentiation and increased P3 amplitude. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 29, 649–666.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, N. E., Steele, V. R., Maurer, J. M., Bernat, E. M., & Kiehl, K. A. (2015). Psychopathy, attention, and oddball target detection: New insights from PCL-R facet scores. Psychophysiology, 52, 1194–1204.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Anton, M., Baskin-Sommers, A. R., Vitale, J., Curtin, J. J., & Newman, J. P. (2012). Differential effects of psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder symptoms on cognitive and fear processing in female offenders. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 12, 761–776.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baskin-Sommers, A. R., Newman, J. P., Sathasivam, N., & Curtin, J. J. (2011). Evaluating the generalizability of a fear deficit in psychopathic African American offenders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120, 71–78.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, D. L., Whitman, L. A., & Kosson, D. S. (2011). Reliability and construct validity of Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version scores among incarcerated adolescent girls. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 38, 965–987.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beryl, R., Chou, S., & Völlm, B. (2014). A systematic review of psychopathy in women within secure settings. Personality and Individual Differences, 71, 185–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bishopp, D., & Hare, R. D. (2008). A multidimensional scaling analysis of the PCL-R: Unfolding the structure of psychopathy. Psychology, Crime & Law, 14, 117–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bjork, J. M., Chen, G., & Hommer, D. W. (2012). Psychopathic tendencies and mesolimbic recruitment by cues for instrumental and passively obtained rewards. Biological Psychology, 89, 408–415.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blair, R. J. R., Monson, J., & Frederickson, N. (2001). Moral reasoning and conduct problems in children with emotional and behavioural difficulties. Personality and Individual Differences, 5, 799–811.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boddy, C. R. P., Ladyshewsky, R., & Galvin, P. (2010). Leaders without ethics in global business: Corporate psychopaths. Journal of Public Affairs, 10, 121–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brinkley, C. A., Schmitt, W. A., Smith, S. S., & Newman, J. P. (2001). Construct-validation of a self report psychopathy scale: Does Levenson’s SRPS measure the same construct as Hare’s PCL-R? Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 1021–1038.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brislin, S. J., Drislane, L. E., Smith, S. T., Edens, J. F., & Patrick, C. J. (2015). Development and validation of triarchic psychopathy scales from the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 27, 838–851.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bronchain, J., Raynal, P., & Chabrol, H. (2020). Heterogeneity of adaptive features among psychopathy variants. Personality Disorders, Theory, Research, and Treatment, 11, 63–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, M. A., Doucette, N. L., & French, S. (2009). Validity and stability of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory in a nonforensic sample of young adults. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91, 584–592.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carolan, P. L., Gaspar, J. M., Kleffner, K., & Liotti, M. (2020). Electrophysiological evidence that psychopathic personality traits are associated with atypical response to salient distractors. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 20, 195–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cauffman, E., Kimonis, E. R., Dmitrieva, J., & Monahan, K. C. (2009). A multimethod assessment of juvenile psychopathy: Comparing the predictive utility of the PCL:YV, YPI, and the NEO PRI. Psychological Assessment, 21, 528–542.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Christian, R. E., Frick, P. J., Hill, N. L., Tyler, A. L., & Frazer, D. (1997). Psychopathy and conduct problems in children: II. Implications for subty** children with conduct problems. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 233–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cleckley, H. (1941/1988). The Mask of Sanity. Mosby.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colins, O. F., Andershed, H., & Pardini, D. A. (2015). Psychopathic traits as predictors of future criminality, intimate partner aggression, and substance use in young adult men. Law and Human Behavior, 39, 547–558.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Collison, K. L., Miller, J. D., Gaughan, E. T., Widiger, T. A., & Lynam, D. R. (2016). Development and validation of the super-short form of the Elemental Psychopathy Assessment. Journal of Criminal Justice, 47, 143–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, D. J., & Michie, C. (1999). Psychopathy across cultures: North America and Scotland compared. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 58–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, D. J., Michie, C., Hart, S. D., & Hare, R. D. (1999). Evaluating the Screening Version of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist–Revised: An item response theory analysis. Psychological Assessment, 11, 3–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, D. J., Kosson, D. S., & Michie, C. (2001). Psychopathy and ethnicity: Structural, item, and test generalizability of the Psychopathy Checklist—Revised (PCL-R) in Caucasian and African American participants. Psychological Assessment, 13, 531–542.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, D. J., Michie, C., Hart, S. D., & Clark, D. (2004). Reconstructing psychopathy: Clarifying the significance of antisocial and socially deviant behavior in the diagnosis of psychopathic personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorder, 18, 337–357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, D. J., Michie, C., & Hart, S. D. (2006). Facets of clinical psychopathy: Towards clearer measurement. In C. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (pp. 91–106). Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, D. J., Hart, S. D., Logan, C., & Michie, C. (2012). Explicating the construct of psychopathy: Development and validation of a conceptual model, the Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality (CAPP). The International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 11, 242–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crego, C., & Widiger, T. A. (2015). Psychopathy, DSM-5, and a caution. Personality Disorders, Theory, Research, and Treatment, 5, 335–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dargis, M., & Koenigs, M. (2018). Two substypes of psychopathic criminals differ in negative affect and history of childhood abuse. Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy, 10, 444–451.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Pascalis, V., Scacchia, P., Sommer, K., & Checcucci, C. (2019). Psychopathy traits and reinforcement sensitivity theory: Prepulse inhibition and ERP responses. Biological Psychology, 148, Article 107771.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeMatteo, D., Edens, J. F., Galloway, M., Cox, J., Smith, S. T., Koller, J. P., & Bersoff, B. (2014). Investigating the role of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised in United States case law. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 20, 96–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dolan, M. C., & Anderson, I. M. (2003). The relationship between seratonergic function and the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 17, 216–222.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, K. S., Ogloff, J. R. P., Nicholls, T. L., & Grant, I. (1999). Assessing risk for violence among psychiatric patients: The HCR-20 violence risk assessment scheme and the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 917–930.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edens, J. F. (2006). Unresolved controversies concerning Psychopathy: Implications for clinical and forensic decision making. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 37, 59–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edens, J. F., Poythress, N. G., & Watkins, M. M. (2001). Further validation of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory among offenders: Personality and behavioral correlates. Journal of Personality Disorders, 15, 403–415.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edens, J. F., Campbell, J. S., & Weir, J. M. (2007). Youth psychopathy and criminal recidivism: A meta-analysis of the psychopathy checklist measures. Law and Human Behavior, 31, 53–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edens, J. F., Poythress, N. G., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Patrick, C. J. (2008a). A prospective comparison of two measures of psychopathy in the prediction of institutional misconduct. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 26, 529–541.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edens, J. F., Poythress, N. G., Lilienfeld, S. O., Patrick, C. J., & Test, A. (2008b). Further evidence of the divergent correlates of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory factors: Prediction of institutional misconduct among male prisoners. Psychological Assessment, 20, 86–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eichenbaum, A. E., Marcus, D. K., & French, B. F. (2019). Item response theory analysis of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory- Revised. Assessment, 26, 1046–1058.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenbarth, H., & Centifanti, C. M. (2020). Dimensions of psychopathic traits in a community sample: Implications from different measures for impulsivity and delinquency. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 36, 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fadoir, N. A., Lutz-Zois, C. J., & Goodnight, J. A. (2019). Psychopathy and suicide: The mediating effects of emotional and behavioral dysregulation. Personality and Individual Differences, 142, 1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forth, A. E., Brown, S. L., Hart, S. D., & Hare, R. D. (1996). The assessment of psychopathy in male and female noncriminals: Reliability and validity. Personality and Individual Differences, 20, 531–543.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forth, A. E., Kosson, D. S., & Hare, R. D. (2003). The Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version. Multi-Health Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frick, P. J., & Hare, R. D. (2001). The antisocial process screening device. Multi-Health Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fulero, S. M. (1995). Review of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist–Revised. In J. C. Conoley & J. C. Impara (Eds.), Twelfth mental measurements yearbook (pp. 453–454). Buros Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fung, A. L., Gao, Y., & Raine, A. (2010). The utility of the child and adolescent psychopathy construct in Hong Kong, China. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 39, 134–140.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gillen, C. T. A., MacDougall, E. A. M., Forth, A. E., Barry, C. T., & Salekin, R. T. (2019). Validity of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory- Short Version in justice-involved and at-risk adolescents. Assessment, 26, 479–491.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanniball, K. B., Gatner, D. T., Douglas, K. S., Viljoen, J. L., & Aknin, L. B. (2019). Examining the triarchic psychopathy measure and comprehensive assessment of psychopathic personality in self-identified offender populations. Personality Disorders, Theory, Research, and Treatment, 10, 340–353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, A. L., Johnsen, B. H., Thornton, D., Waage, L., & Thayer, J. F. (2007). Facets of psychopathy, heart rate variability and cognitive function. Journal of Personality Disorders, 21, 568–582.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hare, R. D. (1980). A research scale for the assessment of psychopathy in criminal populations. Personality and Individual Differences, 1, 111–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hare, R. D. (1991). Manual for the Hare Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (1st ed.). Multi-Health Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hare, R. D. (1996). Psychopathy: A clinical construct whose time has come. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 23, 25–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hare, R. D. (1998). Psychopaths and their nature: Implications for the mental health and criminal justice systems. In T. Millon & E. Sorenson (Eds.), Psychopathy: Antisocial, criminal, and violent behavior (pp. 188–212). Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hare, R. D. (2003). Manual for the Hare Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (2nd ed.). Multi-Health Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hare, R. D. (2016). Psychopathy, the PCL-R, and criminal justice: Some new findings and current issues. Canadian Psychology, 57, 21–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hare, R. D., & Neumann, C. S. (2008). Psychopathy as a clinical and empirical construct. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4, 217–246.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hare, R. D., Frazelle, J., & Cox, D. N. (1978). Psychopathy and physiological responses to threat of an aversive stimulus. Psychophysiology, 15, 165–172.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hare, R. D., Harpur, T. J., & Hemphill, J. D. (1989). Scoring pamphlet for the Self-Report Psychopathy scale: SRP-II. Unpublished manuscript, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harpur, T. J., Hakstian, A. R., & Hare, R. D. (1988). Factor structure of the Psychopathy Checklist. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 741–747.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hawes, S. W., Byrd, A. L., Gonzalez, R., Cavanagh, C., Bechtold, J., Lynam, D. R., & Pardini, D. A. (2018). The developmental course of psychopathic features: Investigating stability, change, and long-term outcomes. Journal of Research in Personality, 77, 83–89.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hemphälä, M., Kosson, D., Westerman, J., & Hodgins, S. (2015). Stability and predictors of psychopathic traits from mid-adolescence through early adulthood. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 56, 649–658.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hemphill, J. F., Templeman, R., Wong, S., & Hare, R. D. (1998). Psychopathy and crime: Recidivism and criminal careers. In D. J. Cooke, R. D. Hare, & A. Forth (Eds.), Psychopathy: Theory, research and implications for society (pp. 375–399). Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Herve, H., Mitchell, D., & Cooper, B. S. (2004). Psychopathy and unlawful confinement: An examination of perpetrator and event characteristics. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 36, 137–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hicks, B. M., & Drislane, L. E. (2018). Variants (“subtypes”) of psychopathy. In C. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (2nd ed., pp. 297–334). Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, C. D., Neumann, C. S., & Rogers, R. (2004). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version in offenders with Axis I disorders. Psychological Assessment, 16, 90–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hobson, J., & Shine, J. (1998). Measurement of psychopathy in a UK prison population referred for long-term psychotherapy. British Journal of Criminology, 38, 504–515.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoff, H. A., Rypdal, K., Mykletun, A., & Cooke, D. J. (2012). A prototypicality validation of the Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality (CAPP). Journal of Personality Disorders, 26, 414–427.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoff, H. A., Rypdal, K., Hystad, S. W., Hart, S. D., Mykletun, A., Kreis, M. K. F., & Cooke, D. J. (2014). Cross-language consistency of the Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality (CAPP) model. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 5(4), 356–368. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000069

  • Hurducas, C. C., Singh, J. P., de Ruiter, C., & Petrila, J. (2014). Violence risk assessment tools: A systematic review of surveys. The International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 13, 181–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isen, J., Raine, A., Baker, L., Dawson, M., Bezdjian, S., & Lozano, D. I. (2010). Sex-specific association between psychopathic traits and electrodermal reactivity in children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 216–225.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson R.L., Rogers R., Neumann C.S., & Lambert, P.L. (2002). Psychopathy in female offenders: An investigation of its underlying dimensions. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 29, 692–704. https://doi.org/10.1177/009385402237922

  • Karpman, B. (1948). The myth of the psychopathic personality. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 104, 523–534.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kavish, N., Schiafo, M., Sellbom, M., & Anderson, J. L. (2020). Construct validity of the Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality (CAPP) Lexical Rating Scale. Personality Disorders, Theory, Research, and Treatment, 11, 418–430.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klein Haneveld, E., Neumann, C. S., Smid, W., Wever, E., & Kamphuis, J. H. (2018). Treatment responsiveness of replicated psychopathy profiles. Law and Human Behavior, 42, 484–495.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kosson, D. S., Smith, S. S., & Newman, J. P. (1990). Evaluating the construct validity of psychopathy in Black and White male inmates: Three preliminary studies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 250–259.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kosson, D. S., Cyterski, T. D., Steuerwald, B. L., Neumann, C. S., & Walker-Matthews, S. (2002). The reliability and validity of the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL: YV) in nonincarcerated adolescent males. Psychological Assessment, 14, 97–109.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kreis, M. K. F., Cooke, D. J., Michie, C., Hoff, H. A., & Logan, C. (2012). The Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality (CAPP): Content validation using prototypical analysis. Journal of Personality Disorders, 26, 402–413.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krstic, S., Knight, R. A., & Robertson, C. A. (2016). Developmental antecedents of the facets of psychopathy: The role of multiple abuse experiences. Journal of Personality Disorders, 30, 677–693.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leenarts, L. E. W., Dölitzsch, C., Pérez, T., Schmeck, K., Fegert, J. M., & Schmid, M. (2017). The relationships between gender, psychopathic traits and self-reported delinquency: A comparison between a general population sample and a high-risk sample for juvenile delinquency. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 11, Article 64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levenson, M. R., Kiehl, K. A., & Fitzpatrick, C. M. (1995). Assessing psychopathic attributes in a noninstitutionalized population. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 151–158.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, A. (1974). Psychopathic Personality: A most elusive category. Psychological Medicine, 4, 133–140.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lilienfeld, S. O. (1994). Conceptual problems in the assessment of psychopathy. Clinical Psychology Review, 14, 17–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lilienfeld, S. O., & Andrews, B. P. (1996). Development and preliminary validation of a self-report measure of psychopathic personality traits in noncriminal populations. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66, 488–524.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Romero, L., Romero, E., & Villar, P. (2014). Assessing the stability of psychopathic traits: Adolescent outcomes in a six-year follow-up. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 17, 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenz, A. R., & Newman, J. P. (2002). Do emotion and information processing deficiencies found in Caucasian psychopaths generalize to African-American psychopaths? Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 1077–1086.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lykken, D. T. (1995). The antisocial personalities. Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynam, D. R., & Derefinko, K. J. (2006). Psychopathy and personality. In C. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (pp. 133–155). Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynam, D. R., & Widiger, T. A. (2001). Using the Five Factor Model to represent the DSM-IV personality disorders: An expert consensus approach. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 401–412.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lynam, D. R., Whiteside, S., & Jones, S. (1999). Self-reported psychopathy: A validation study. Journal of Personality Assessment, 73, 110–132.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lynam, D. R., Charnigo, R., Moffitt, T. E., Raine, A., Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (2009). The stability of psychopathy across adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 1133–1153.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lynam, D. R., Gaughan, E. R., Miller, J. D., Miller, D. J., Mullins-Sweatt, S., & Widiger, T. A. (2011). Assessing the basic traits associated with psychopathy: Development and validation of the Elemental Psychopathy Assessment. Psychological Assessment, 23, 108–124.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lynn, R. (2002). Racial and ethnic differences in psychopathic personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 273–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maslow, A. H. (1951). Principles of abnormal psychology: The dynamics of psychic illness. Harper.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCord, W., & McCord, J. (1964). The psychopath: An essay on the criminal mind. Van Nostrand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. D., & Lynam, D. R. (2003). Psychopathy and the Five Factor Model of personality: A replication and extension. Journal of Personality Assessment, 81, 168–178.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. D., & Lynam, D. R. (2015). Understanding psychopathy using the basic elements of personality. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 9, 223–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. D., Lynam, D. R., Widiger, T. A., & Leukefeld, C. (2001). Personality disorders as extreme variants of common personality dimensions: Can the Five Factor Model adequately represent psychopathy? Journal of Personality, 69, 253–276.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. D., Gaughan, E. T., Maples, J., Gentile, B., Lynam, D. R., & Widiger, T. A. (2011a). Examining the construct validity of the Elemental Psychopathy Assessment. Assessment, 18, 106–114.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. D., Watts, A., & Jones, S. E. (2011b). Does psychopathy manifest divergent relations with components of its nomological network depending on gender? Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 564–569.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. D., Hyatt, C. S., Rausher, S., Maples, J. L., & Zeichner, A. (2014). A test of the construct validity of the Elemental Psychopathy Assessment scores in a community sample of adults. Psychological Assessment, 26, 555–562.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millon, T. (1981). Disorders of personality: DSM-III: Axis II. Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Munoz, L. C., & Frick, P. J. (2007). The reliability, stability, and predictive validity of the self-report version of the Antisocial Process Screening Device. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 48, 299–312.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neal, T. M. S., & Grisso, T. (2014). Assessment practices and expert judgment methods in forensic psychology and psychiatry: An international snapshot. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 41, 1406–1421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neal, T. M. S., & Sellbom, M. (2012). Examining the factor structure of the Hare Self-Report Psychopathy Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 94, 244–253.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neumann, C. S., Hare, R. D., & Newman, J. P. (2007). The super-ordinate nature of psychopathy. Journal of Personality Disorders, 21, 102–117.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Neumann, C. S., Wampler, M., Taylor, J., Blonigen, D. M., & Iacono, W. G. (2011). Stability and invariance of psychopathic traits from late adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Research in Personality, 45, 145–152.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Neumann, C. S., Schmitt, D. S., Carter, R., Embley, I., & Hare, R. D. (2012). Psychopathic traits in females and males across the globe. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 30, 557–574.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newman, J. P., Schmitt, W. A., & Voss, W. (1997). Processing of contextual cues in psychopathic and nonpsychopathic offenders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 563–575.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newman, J. P., MacCoon, D. G., Vaughn, L. J., & Sadeh, N. (2005). Validating a distinction between primary and secondary psychopathy with measures of Gray’s BIS and BAS constructs. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 319–323.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor, D. A. (2001). The female psychopath: Validity and factor structure of the revised Psychopathy Checklist (PCL-R) in women inmates. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Florida State University, Tallahassee.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, B. S., & Frick, P. J. (1996). Reward dominance: Associations with anxiety, conduct problems, and psychopathy in children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24, 223–240.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ogloff, J. R. (2006). Psychopathy/antisocial personality disorder conundrum. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40, 519–528.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oshukova, S., Kaltiala-Heino, R., Miettunen, K., Marttila, R., Tani, P., Aronen, E. T., Marttunen, M., Kaivosoja, M., & Lindberg, N. (2015). Self-reported psychopathic traits among non-referred Finnish adolescents: Psychometric properties of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory and the Antisocial Process Screening Device. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 9, 15.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Patrick, C. J. (2010). Operationalizing the triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy: Preliminary description of brief scales for assessment of boldness, meanness, and disinhibition. Unpublished manual, Department of Psychology, Florida State University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patrick, C. J., Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1993). Emotion in the criminal psychopath: Startle reflex modulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 82–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patrick, C. J., Fowles, D. C., & Krueger, R. F. (2009). Triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy: Developmental origins of disinhibition, boldness, and meanness. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 913–938.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 556–563.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pechorro, P. S., Poiares, C. A., Vieira, R. X., Maroco, J., Nunes, C., & de Jesus, S. N. (2014). Psychological and behavioral adjustment in female youths with high or low psychopathic traits. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 37, 619–627.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen, L., Kunz, C., Rasmussen, K., & Elsass, P. (2010). Psychopathy as a risk factor for violent recidivism: Investigating the Psychopathy Checklist Screening Version (PCL: SV) and the Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality (CAPP) in a forensic psychiatric setting. International Journal of Mental Health, 9, 308–315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pera-Guardiola, V., Batalla, I., Bosque, J., Kosson, D., Pifarré, J., Hernández-Ribas, R., Goldberg, X., Contreras-Rodríguez, O., Menchón, J. M., Soriano-Mas, C., & Cardoner, N. (2016). Modulatory effects of psychopathy on Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in male offenders with Antisocial Personality Disorder. Psychiatry Research, 235, 43–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pinel, P. (1806). A treatise on insanity (Translated by D. Davis). Hafner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poythress, N. G., & Skeem, J. L. (2006). Disaggregating psychopathy: Where and how to look for subtypes. In C. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (pp. 172–192). Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poythress, N. G., Edens, J. F., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (1998). Criterion-related validity of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory in a prison sample. Psychological Assessment, 10, 426–430.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prichard, J. C. (1835). A treatise on insanity and other disorders affecting the mind. Sherwood, Gilbert, & Piper.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen, K., Storsæter, O., & Levander, S. (1999). Personality disorders, psychopathy, and crime in a Norwegian prison population. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 22, 91–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ribes-Guardiola, P., Poy, R., Segarra, P., Brandchadell, V., & Moltó, J. (2020). Response perseveration and the triarchic model of psychopathy in an undergraduate sample. Personality Disorders, Theory, Research, and Treatment, 11, 54–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roy, S., Vize, C., Uzieblo, K., can Dongen, J. D. M., Miller, J., Lynam, D., Brazil, I., Yoon, D., Mokros, A., Gray, N. S., Snowden, R., & Neumann, C. S. (2020). Triarchic or septarchic?—Uncovering the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure’s (TriPM) structure. Personality Disorders, Theory, Research, and Treatment, 12, 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ručević, S. (2010). Psychopathic personality traits and delinquent and risky sexual behaviors in Croatian sample of non-referred boys and girls. Law and Human Behavior, 34, 379–391.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rush, B. (1812). Medical inquiries and observations, upon the diseases of the mind. Kimber and Richardson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salekin, R. T., Rogers, R., & Sewell, K. W. (1997). Construct validity of psychopathy in a female offender sample: A multitrait-multimethod evaluation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 576–585.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salekin, R. T., Rogers, R., Ustad, K. L., & Sewell, K. W. (1998). Psychopathy and recidivism among female inmates. Law and Human Behavior, 22, 109–128.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salekin, R. T., Neumann, C. S., Leistico, A.-M. R., & Zalot, A. A. (2004). Psychopathy in youth and intelligence: An investigation of Cleckley’s hypothesis. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 731–742.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sandoval, A. R., Hancock, D., Poythress, N., Edens, J., & Lilienfeld, S. (2000). Construct validity of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory in a correctional sample. Journal of Personality Assessment, 74, 262–281.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sandvik, A. M., Hansen, A. L., Kristensen, M. V., Johnsen, B. H., Logan, C., & Thornton, D. (2012). Assessment of psychopathy: Inter-correlations between Psychopathy Checklist Revised, Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality—Institutional Rating Scale, and Self-Report of Psychopathy Scale—III. The International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 11, 280–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sebastian, C. L., McCrory, E. J. P., Cecil, C. A. M., Lockwood, P. L., De Brito, S. A., Fontaine, N. M. G., & Viding, E. (2012). Neural responses to affective and cognitive theory of mind in children with conduct problems and varying levels of callous-unemotional traits. JAMA Psychiatry, 69, 814–822.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellbom, M. (2011). Elaborating on the construct validity of the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale in incarcerated and non-incarcerated samples. Law and Human Behavior, 35, 440–451.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sellbom, M., Cooke, D. J., & Hart, S. D. (2015a). Construct validity of the Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality (CAPP) concept map: Getting closer to the core of psychopathy. The International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 14, 172–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sellbom, M., Wygant, D. B., & Drislane, L. E. (2015b). Elucidating the construct validity of the psychopathic personality inventory triarchic scales. Journal of Personality Assessment, 97, 374–381.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sellbom, M., Cooke, D. J., & Shou, Y. (2019). Development and initial validation of the Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality—Self-Report (CAPP-SR). Psychological Assessment, 31, 878–894.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sewall, L. A., & Olver, M. E. (2019). Psychopathy and treatment outcome: Results from a sexual violence reduction program. Personality Disorders, Theory, Research, and Treatment, 10, 59–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd, S. M., & Strand, S. (2015). The utility of the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL: YV) and the youth psychopathic trait inventory (YPI)- Is it meaningful to measure psychopathy in young offenders? Psychological Assessment, 28, 405–415.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shou, Y., Sellbom, M., & Xu, J. (2018). Psychometric properties of the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure: An item response theory approach. Personality Disorders, Theory, Research, and Treatment, 9, 217–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skeem, J. L., & Cooke, D. J. (2010). Is criminal behavior a central component of psychopathy? Conceptual directions for resolving the debate. Psychological Assessment, 22, 433–445.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skeem, J. L., & Mulvey, E. P. (2001). Psychopathy and community violence among civil psychiatric patients: Results from the MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 358–374.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skeem, J. L., Edens, J. F., Camp, J., & Colwell, L. H. (2004). Are there ethnic differences in levels of psychopathy? A meta-analysis. Law and Human Behavior, 28, 505–527.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skeem, J. L., Polaschek, D. L. L., Patrick, C. J., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2011). Psychopathic personality: Bridging the gap between scientific evidence and public policy. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 12, 95–162.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sleep, C. E., Weiss, B., Lynam, D. R., & Miller, J. D. (2019). An examination of the Triarchic Model of psychopathy’s nomological network: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 71, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2019.04.005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Somma, A., Borroni, S., Drislane, L. E., & Fossatti, A. (2015). Assessing the Triarchic Model of Psychopathy in adolescence: Reliability and validity of the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM) in three samples of Italian community-dwelling adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 28, 36–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steele, V. R., Maurer, J. M., Bernat, E. M., Calhoun, V. D., & Kiehl, K. A. (2016). Error-related rocessing in adult males with elevated psychopathic traits. Personality Disorders, Theory, Research, and Treatment, 7, 80–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, E. A., & Kosson, D. S. (2006). Ethnic and cultural variations in psychopathy. In C. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (pp. 437–458). Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, E. A., Abramowitz, C. S., Lopez, M., & Kosson, D. S. (2006). Reliability and construct validity of the psychopathy checklist-revised for Latino, European American, and African American male inmates. Psychological Assessment, 18, 382–392.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tew, J., Harkins, L., & Dixon, L. (2015). Assessing the reliability and validity of the Self-Report Psychopathy Scales in a UK offender population. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 26, 166–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsang, S., Piquero, A. R., & Cauffman, E. (2014). An examination of the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV) among male adolescent offenders: An item response theory analysis. Psychological Assessment, 26, 1333–1346.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsang, S., Schmidt, K. M., Vincent, G. M., Salekin, R. T., Moretti, M. M., & Odgers, C. L. (2015). Assessing psychopathy among justice involved adolescents with the PCL: YV: An item response theory examination across gender. Personality Disorders, Theory, Research, and Treatment, 6, 22–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vachon, D. D., Lynam, D. R., Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (2012). Generalizing the nomological network of psychopathy across populations differing on race and conviction status. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121, 263–269.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vaidyanathan, U., Hall, J. R., Patrick, C. J., & Bernat, E. M. (2011). Clarifying the role of defensive reactivity deficits in psychopathy and antisocial personality using startle reflect methodology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120, 253–258.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • van Baardewijk, Y., Vermeiren, R., Stegge, H., & Doreleijers, T. (2011). Self-reported psychopathic traits in children: Their stability and concurrent and prospective association with conduct problems and aggression. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33, 235–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veit, R., Konicar, L., Klinzing, J. G., Barth, B., Yilmaz, O., & Birbaumer, N. (2013). Deficient fear conditioning in psychopathy as a function of interpersonal and affective disturbances. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 25, 706.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venables, N. C., Hall, J. R., Yancey, J. R., & Patrick, C. J. (2015). Factors of psychopathy and electrocortical response to emotional pictures: Further evidence for a two-process theory. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 124, 319–328.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Verona, E., & Vitale, J. E. (2018). Psychopathy in women: Assessment, manifestations, and etiology. In C. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (2nd ed., pp. 509–528). Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verona, E., Sprague, J., & Sadeh, N. (2012). Inhibitory control and negative emotion processing psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121, 498–510.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vieira, J. B., Ferreira-Santos, F., Almeida, P. R., Barbosa, F., Marques-Teixeira, J., & Marsh, A. A. (2015). Psychopathic traits are associated with cortical and subcortical volume alterations in healthy individuals. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10, 1693–1704.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vitale, J. E., Smith, S. S., Brinkley, C. A., & Newman, J. P. (2002). The reliability and validity of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised in a sample of female offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 29, 202–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vitale, J. E., Newman, J. P., Bates, J. E., Goodnight, J., Dodge, K. A., & Petit, G. S. (2005). Deficient behavioral inhibition and anomalous selective attention in a community sample of adolescents with psychopathic and low-anxiety traits. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33, 461–470.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vitale, J. E., MacCoon, G. D., & Newman, J. P. (2011). Emotion facilitation and passive avoidance learning in psychopathic female offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 38, 641–658.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, Z. (2013). Psychopathy and criminal violence: The moderating effect of ethnicity. Law and Human Behavior, 37, 303–311.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, Z., & Kosson, D. S. (2007). Psychopathy and violent crime: A prospective study of the influence of socioeconomic status and ethnicity. Law and Human Behavior, 31, 209–229.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walters, G. D., Duncan, S. A., & Mitchell-Perez, K. (2007). The latent structure of psychopathy: A taxonometric investigation of the Psychopathy Checklist–Revised in a heterogeneous sample of male inmates. Assessment, 14, 270–278.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walters, G. D., Ermer, E., Knight, R. A., & Kiehl, K. A. (2015). Paralimbic biomarkers in taxometric analyses of psychopathy: Does changing the indicators change the conclusion? Personality Disorders, Theory, Research, and Treatment, 6, 41–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, P., Baker, L. A., Gao, Y., Raine, A., & Lozano, D. I. (2012). Psychopathic traits and physiological responses to aversive stimuli in children aged 9–11 years. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 759–769.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Warren, J. I., Burnette, M. L., South, S. C., Preeti, C., Bale, R., Friend, R., & Van Patten, I. (2003). Psychopathy in women: Structural modeling and comorbidity. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 26, 223–242.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watt, B. D., & Brooks, N. S. (2012). Self-report psychopathy in an Australian community sample. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 19, 389–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weizmann-Henelius, G., Virkkunen, M., Gammelgard, M., Eronen, M., & Putkonen, H. (2015). The PCL-R and violent recidivism in a prospective follow-up of a nationwide sample of female offenders. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 26, 667–685.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Widiger, T. A., & Lynam, D. (1998). Psychopathy and the five-factor model of personality. In T. Millon, E. Simonsen, M. Birket-Smith, & R. Davis (Eds.), Psychopathy: Antisocial, criminal, and violent behavior (pp. 171–187). Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Widiger, T. A., & Trull, T. J. (2007). Plate tectonics in the classification of personality disorder: Shifting to a dimensional model. American Psychologist, 62, 71–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Widiger, T. A., Samuel, D. B., Mullins-Sweatt, S., Gore, W. L., & Crego, C. (2012). An integration of normal and abnormal personality structure: The Five-Factor Model. In T. A. Widiger (Ed.), Oxford library of psychology. The Oxford handbook of personality disorders (pp. 82–107). Oxford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, K. M., & Paulhus, D. L. (2004). Factor structure of the Self-Report Psychopathy scale (SRP-II) in non-forensic samples. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 765–778.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, K. M., Paulhus, D. L., & Hare, R. D. (2007). Capturing the four-factor structure of psychopathy in college students via self-report. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88, 205–219.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, L., Miller, J. D., Zeichner, A., Lynam, D. R., & Widiger, T. A. (2011). An examination of the validity of the elemental psychopathy assessment: Relations with other psychopathy measures, aggression, and externalizing behaviors. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33, 315–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zagon, I., & Jackson, H. (1994). Construct validity of a psychopathy measure. Personality and Individual Differences, 17, 125–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hampden-Sydney College, Hampden-Sydney, VA, USA

    Jennifer E. Vitale

Authors
  1. Jennifer E. Vitale
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jennifer E. Vitale .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Hampden–Sydney College, Farmville, VA, USA

    Jennifer E. Vitale

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Vitale, J.E. (2022). Profile and Assessment of Psychopathy. In: Vitale, J.E. (eds) The Complexity of Psychopathy. Dangerous Behavior in Clinical and Forensic Psychology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83156-1_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation