Abstract
The chapter examines the visit of a live ethnographic exhibition group of Australian Aboriginals, led by the impresario Robert A. Cunningham, in Helsinki and Vyborg in 1886. This exhibition, together with others of the same genre that followed a few years later, became an influential new means for Finns to encounter ideologies, imageries, and individuals closely associated with colonialism. The chapter demonstrates that the highly standardized exhibition concept did not ensure uniformity of either performance or reception. The Finnish example illustrates how the meaning of an exhibition was always locally embedded and thus subject to new interpretations. Since previous knowledge of Australia and its indigenous populations was sparse and fragmentary, Finnish journalists found the promotional material provided helpful and made use of it in a more or less straightforward and uncritical manner, thus reproducing racist and stereotyped imageries. Yet, they also applied their interpretive and descriptive skills in making an unprecedented exhibition concept intelligible to the local audience. The visit by the Aboriginals became a means to express membership in a western, allegedly superior civilization, with its rationality, its practices of overcoming and mastering other human populations, and its privilege of being entertained by those very populations.
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Notes
- 1.
See advertisements, Nya Pressen, Folkwännen, Hufvudstadsbladet, and Uusi Suometar, June 26, 1886.
- 2.
- 3.
Leitzinger 2008, 294, 296.
- 4.
These included Ashantis from West Africa, “Sinhalese” from Ceylon, and indigenous people of North America.
- 5.
See Blanchard et al. 2011, 46.
- 6.
- 7.
- 8.
Ames 2009.
- 9.
Dreesbach 2012, section “Völkerschauen” and the Display of the “Other”.
- 10.
- 11.
- 12.
Cf. to Filipová 2015, 2–4.
- 13.
Poignant 2004, 14–15, 67–72. For the description of recruitment in the Finnish press, see “Kannibaler I Helsingfors,” Nya Pressen, June 30, 1886.
- 14.
Poignant 2004, 83.
- 15.
According to a recent documentary film, Barnum’s circus alone visited approximately 130 towns in the United States and Canada. Sauvages, au coeur des zoos humaines (2018).
- 16.
- 17.
- 18.
- 19.
Barth 2011, 186, 194, 197.
- 20.
Jacob 2017, 96, see also 90–94.
- 21.
- 22.
See Kirchberg and Tröndle 2012.
- 23.
“Kannibaler i Helsingfors,” Nya Pressen, June 30, 1886. See also “Kannibalit tulewat,” Kotkan Sanomat, June 30, 1886.
- 24.
Similar comments were heard in Copenhagen, even though various shows visited the town much more frequently. Henningsen 2010, 5.
- 25.
Jussila 2004, 541–550.
- 26.
“Hesperia,” Folkvännen, June 29, 1886. Poignant 2004, 13, 113–114.
- 27.
Nabo, “Våra sommarnöjen,” Finland, July 7, 1886; W-r-m, “Sommarkåseri från hufvudstaden,” Fredikshamns Tidning, August 18, 1886.
- 28.
- 29.
“Singhaleserna,” Nya Pressen, September 29, 1889.
- 30.
This was also the price of the display of West African Ashantis which, however, was criticised as expensive. Nya Pressen, September 11, 1889.
- 31.
See “Hesperia,” Hufvudstadsbladet, July 3, 1886. See also “I S:t Annæ park,” Östra Finland, July 7, 1886.
- 32.
“Hesperiassa,” Uusi Suometar, June 30, 1886; “Kannibalerna,” Hufvudstadsbladet, June 30, 1886; “Kannibalerna,” Finland, June 30, 1886; “Kannibaler i Helsingfors,” Nya Pressen, June 30, 1886; “Kannibalerna,” Folkwännen, June 30, 1886; “På Hesperia,” Nya Pressen, July 5, 1886; “Bref från Helsingfors,” Åbo Underrättelser, July 31, 1886.
- 33.
Esa, “Kirje Helsingisä,” Oulun Lehti, September 14, 1887.
- 34.
Poignant 2004, 13–14.
- 35.
Announcements were published in the pages of Nya Pressen, Hufvudstadsbladet, Folkwännen, and Uusi Suometar, June 26, 1886. For practices of promoting an exhibition group, see Qureshi 2011.
- 36.
“Hvad nytt från Stockholm,” Åbo Tidning, July 14, 1886. Similarly, first announcement appeared in Vyborg at the time when the troupe was still in Helsinki. “Restaurant St. Annæ,” Wiborgsbladet, July 4, 1886.
- 37.
“Mr Cunningham och hans kannibaler,” Nya Pressen, June 27, 1886; “Ett sällskap Australnegrer från Queensland,” Finland, June 29, 1886. See also “Kannibaler I Köpenhamn,” Åbo Tidning, May 11, 1886.
- 38.
“Tre australier eller kannibaler,” Hufvudstadsbladet, June 27, 1886; “Kannibalit tulewat,” Uusi Suometar, June 27, 1886; “Hesperiassa,” Uusi Suometar, June 29, 1886. Some excerpts from the brochure were reproduced; see “Krönika,” Hufvudstadsbladet, June 30, 1886. For the practice of sending material to journalists, see Poignant 2004, 269 note 20.
- 39.
“Hesperia,” Hufvudstadsbladet, Finland, Folkwännen, Nya Pressen, June 29, 1886.
- 40.
See, for example, “Hesperia,” Uusi Suometar, June 30, 1886; “Kanibalit owat Helsingissä,” Tampereen Sanomat, July 2, 1886.
- 41.
See, for example, “Hesperia,” Hufvudstadsbladet, June 30, 1886. Cf. Poignant 2004, 27.
- 42.
- 43.
W-r-m, “Sommarkåseri från hufvudstaden,” Fredikshamns Tidning, August 18, 1886. Also see “I S:t Annæ,” Östra Finland, July 6, 1886.
- 44.
Poignant 2004, 16, 171, 258 note 1.
- 45.
“Kannibalerna,” Hufvudstadsbladet, June 30, 1886; “Kannibalerna,” Finland, June 30, 1886; “Kannibaler i Helsingfors,” Nya Pressen, June 30, 1886; “Hesperiassa,” Uusi Suometar, June 30, 1886; “På Hesperia,” Nya Pressen, July 5, 1886; W-r-m, “Sommarkåseri från hufvudstaden,” Fredikshamns Tidning, August 18, 1886.
- 46.
“Kannibalerna,” Hufvudstadsbladet, June 30, 1886; “Hesperiassa,” Uusi Suometar, June 30, 1886; “I S:t Annæ park,” Östra Finland, July 7, 1886. One promotional photograph has survived in Finland, 961.4., Picture Collections, Finnish Heritage Agency, Helsinki. See Poignant 2004, 17, 29.
- 47.
“Kannibalerna,” Hufvudstadsbladet, June 30, 1886. Cunningham is known to have hired assistants during the tour, see Poignant 2004, 121, 156, 161.
- 48.
“Mr Cunningham och hans kannibaler,” Nya Pressen, June 27, 1886.
- 49.
“Bumerangkastning,” Hufvudstadsbladet, July 1, 1886.
- 50.
Koivukangas 1998, 87–92.
- 51.
For the Australian ports frequented by Finnish sailing ships, see Kaukiainen 2008, 233, 261.
- 52.
Koivukangas 1998, 92–94.
- 53.
- 54.
“I Hesperia,” Folkvännen, June 29, 1886.
- 55.
Wolff 2016, 105–127.
- 56.
Poignant 2004, 121, 156, 171. See also “Kannibalerna,” Hufvudstadsbladet, June 30, 1886. The three indigenous Australians are known to have learnt some words of English, French, and German during the years of travel. Poignant 2004, 7, 95, 125–126, 142–143, 151, 156, 184. See also “Kannibaler i Helsingfors,” Nya Pressen, June 30, 1886.
- 57.
“Kannibaler i Helsingfors,” Nya Pressen, June 30, 1886.
- 58.
“Tre australier eller kannibaler,” Hufvudstandsbladet, June 27, 1886; “Kannibalerna,” Hufvudstadsbladet, June 30, 1886.
- 59.
Poignant 2004, 29–30, see also 123.
- 60.
See Chap. 7 by Merivirta in this volume.
- 61.
Donations received by the ethnographic collection at the Imperial Alexander University in Helsinki included some objects of Oceanian origin already in the mid-nineteenth century, but the first boomerangs were received only in the early 1910s, as part of a collection purchased from the Ethnographic Museum of Leipzig. Koivunen 2015, 52, 222.
- 62.
“Kannibalerna,” Hufvudstadsbladet, June 30, 1886; “Kannibalerna,” Finland, June 30, 1886; “Kannibaler i Helsingfors,” Nya Pressen, June 30, 1886; “Bumerangkastning,” Hufvudstadsbladet, July 1, 1886; W-r-m, “Sommarkåseri,” Fredrikshamns Tidning, August 18, 1886.
- 63.
“Ihmissyöjiä,” Ilmarinen, July 6, 1886.
- 64.
“Kannibaler i Helsingfors,” Nya Pressen, June 30, 1886.
- 65.
“Kannibalerna,” Hufvudstadsbladet, June 30, 1886; “St. Annan,” Wiipurin Sanomat, July 9, 1886.
- 66.
“Hesperia,” Uusi Suometar, June 30 and July 1, 1886.
- 67.
Laine 2007.
- 68.
“Kannibalerna,” Hufvudstadsbladet, June 30 1886.
- 69.
- 70.
- 71.
Isaksson and Jokisalo 1998, 156.
- 72.
Poignant 2004, 135–138. For objects brought from Australia, see page 29.
- 73.
“Helsingistä,” Matti Meikäläinen, July 10, 1886 (no 14), 3. For a description of events in Vaasa, see “Vaasasta,” Uusi Suometar, June 27, 1886. See also “På Hesperia,” Nya Pressen, July 5, 1886; “På gatan,” Spets, July 10, 1886 (no 8).
- 74.
Poignant 2004, 174, 180.
- 75.
See, for example, Qureshi 2011, 166, 169.
- 76.
Poignant 2004, 139, 143, 151, 175, 185.
- 77.
“På Hesperia,” Nya Presen, July 5, 1886; W-r-m, “Sommarkåseri från hufvudstaden,” Fredrikshamns Tidning, August 18, 1886.
- 78.
“I S:t Annæ park,” Östra Finland, July 7, 1886. See also W-r-m, “Sommarkåseri från hufvudstaden,” Fredrikshamns Tidning, August 18, 1886.
- 79.
W-r-m, “Sommarkåseri från hufvudstaden,” Fredrikshamns Tidning, August 18, 1886. See also “Kannibalerna,” Hufvudstadsbladet, June 30, 1886.
- 80.
Nabo, “Våra sommernöjen,” Finland July 7, 1886. Cf. “Kirje Helsingistä,” Oulun lehti, September 14, 1887.
- 81.
Poignant 2004, 104, 122–123, 149, 169.
- 82.
“Bumerankastning,” Hufvudstadsbladet, July 1, 1886.
- 83.
“I S:t Annæ park,” Östra Finland, July 7, 1886; “P. Annan,” Wiipurin Sanomat, July 9, 1886.
- 84.
For example, “Hesperia,” Hufvudstadsbladet, June 29, 1886; “Restaurant S:t Annæ,” Wiborgsbladet, July 4, 1886.
- 85.
“I S:t Annæ,” Östra Finland, July 6, 1886. See also “Å Hesperia,” Huvudstadsbladet, July 3, 1886.
- 86.
Poignant 2004, 164.
- 87.
Poignant 2004, 119, 143, 174.
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Koivunen, L. (2021). “Queensland Cannibals” Encountered in Finland (1886): Locally Rooted Visions of Exhibitions of Colonized People. In: Merivirta, R., Koivunen, L., Särkkä, T. (eds) Finnish Colonial Encounters. Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80610-1_6
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