Abstract
Over recent years, theranostic nanosystems have emerged as promising tools in cancer therapy and diagnostics. Active-targeted theranostic nanosystems are based on develo** a nanocarrier modified with ligands or particular physical or chemical characteristics for specifically bind to surface markers of cancer cells and deliver therapeutic imaging and diagnostic agent or all of them to specific cancer cells and even organelles, providing personalized treatment for different tumors and patients. To now, different ligands were used to active targeting of nanocarriers. Antibodies, aptamers, transferrin, folic acid, and arginine-glycine-aspartic acid tripeptide are of the most studied ligands used for active targeting. Cancerous cells can internalize these systems by receptor-mediated endocytosis. However, therapeutic efficacy of single-targeted developed drug delivery systems is not yet satisfactory for clinical use because of the tumors complex microenvironment. To address mentioned challenge, dual and multi-targeted therapies have developed recently and demonstrate superior efficacy over single targeting in terms of cellular uptake, cell selectivity, and penetration into the tumor. Several dual-targeted nanocarriers introduced for cancer theranostic mainly belong to lipid-, polymer-, and carbon-based carriers. Herein, an overview of various developed dual-targeted nanomedicines used for cancer targeted theranostic will be reviewed; also challenges and outlook in designing dual-targeted nanomedicines will be discussed. Although these studies are only conducted in vitro and in vivo, in the upcoming years, it is highly likely that this field of treatment and diagnostics will be used in the clinical stage and help better treatment of rare diseases including cancer.
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Abbreviations
- BBB :
-
Blood-brain barrier
- BPA :
-
Borono phenylalanine
- BSH :
-
Sodium boro captate
- c(RGDyC):
-
Cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-tyrosine-cysteine
- CNT :
-
Carbon nanotubes
- DOX :
-
Doxorubicin
- EGFP :
-
Enhanced green fluorescent protein
- EGFR :
-
Epidermal growth factor receptor
- EPR :
-
Permeability and retention effect
- FA :
-
Folate
- FDA :
-
US Food and Drug Administration
- GBM :
-
Glioblastoma multiforme
- Glu-VC :
-
Glucose and vitamin C
- GO :
-
Graphene oxide
- HA :
-
Hyaluronic acid
- HAP :
-
Hydroxyapatite
- HepG2 :
-
Hepatocellular carcinoma cell line
- HIV :
-
Human immunodeficiency virus
- IL-4R :
-
Interleukin-4 receptor
- MGO :
-
Magnetic graphene oxide
- OA :
-
Oleanolic acid
- O-MWNT :
-
Oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotube
- PAMAM :
-
Poly(amidoamine)
- PCL :
-
Poly(3-caprolactone)
- PLA :
-
Polylactic acid
- PLGA :
-
Polylactic-co-glycolic acid
- PNAL :
-
Poly[(N isopropylacrylamide-r-acrylamide)-b-L-lactic acid]
- PTX :
-
Paclitaxel
- RAGE :
-
Receptors for advanced glycation end products
- RGD :
-
Arginine-glycine-aspartic acid
- Tf :
-
Transferrin
- TfR :
-
Tf receptor
- WGA :
-
Wheat germ agglutinin
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Amoabediny, G. et al. (2021). Dual Targeting Drug Delivery for Cancer Theranostics. In: Saravanan, M., Barabadi, H. (eds) Cancer Nanotheranostics. Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74330-7_2
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