Abstract
Schistosomiasis is an ancient but highly debilitating disease. Currently, this infectious disease is identified as the second most devastating parasitic disease after malaria in terms of its morbidity and mortality and significant medical and veterinary importance in tropical and subtropical regions across the world. In this chapter, we describe the epidemiology, diagnosis, management, and control of human schistosomiasis. In addition, we propose the potential challenges during the progress towards elimination of schistosomiasis in this wormy world.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bergquist R, Elmorshedy H (2018) Artemether and praziquantel: origin, mode of action, impact, and suggested application for effective control of human schistosomiasis. Trop Med Infect Dis 3:125
Bergquist R, Utzinger J, Keiser J (2017) Controlling schistosomiasis with praziquantel: how much longer without a viable alternative? Infect Dis Poverty 6:74
Bergquist R, Yang GJ, Knopp S, Utzinger J, Tanner M (2015) Surveillance and response: tools and approaches for the elimination stage of neglected tropical diseases. Acta Trop 141:229–234
Campbell SJ, Biritwum NK, Woods G, Velleman Y, Fleming F, Stothard JR (2018) Tailoring water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) targets for soil-transmitted helminthiasis and schistosomiasis control. Trends Parasitol 34:53–63
Chen MG (1989) Progress and problems in schistosomiasis control in China. Trop Med Parasitol 40:174–176
Chun-Li C, Shi-Zhu L, **ao-Nong Z (2016) Impact of schistosomiasis transmission by catastrophic flood damage and emergency response in China. Zhongguo Xue ** Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 28:618–623
Colley DG, Bustinduy AL, Secor WE, King CH (2014) Human schistosomiasis. Lancet 383:2253–2264
Deol AK, Fleming FM, Calvo-Urbano B, Walker M, Bucumi V, Gnandou I, Tukahebwa EM, Jemu S, Mwingira UJ, Alkohlani A, Traoré M, Ruberanziza E, Touré S, Basáñez MG, French MD, Webster JP (2019) Schistosomiasis—assessing progress toward the 2020 and 2025 global goals. N Engl J Med 381:2519–2528
Ferraz AA, Bacelar TS, Silveira MJ, Coelho AR, Câmara Neto RD, de Araújo Júnior JG, Ferraz EM (2001) Surgical treatment of schistosomal portal hypertension. Int Surg 86:1–8
GBD 2017 DALYs and HALE Collaborators (2018) Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet 392:1859–1922
GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (2018) Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet 392:1789–1858
Gray DJ, Ross AG, Li YS, McManus DP (2011) Diagnosis and management of schistosomiasis. BMJ d2651:342
Guegan H, Fillaux J, Charpentier E, Robert-Gangneux F, Chauvin P, Guemas E, Boissier J, Valentin A, Cassaing S, Gangneux JP, Berry A, Iriart X (2019) Real-time PCR for diagnosis of imported schistosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis e0007711:13
Hinz R, Schwarz NG, Hahn A, Frickmann H (2017) Serological approaches for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis—a review. Mol Cell Probes 31:2–21
Inobaya MT, Olveda RM, Tallo V, McManus DP, Williams GM, Harn DA, Li Y, Chau TN, Olveda DU, Ross AG (2015) Schistosomiasis mass drug administration in the Philippines: lessons learnt and the global implications. Microbes Infect 17:6–15
Kabuyaya M, Chimbari MJ, Mukaratirwa S (2018) Efficacy of praziquantel treatment regimens in pre-school and school aged children infected with schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. Infect Dis Poverty 7:73
Keiser J, Silué KD, Adiossan LK, N'Guessan NA, Monsan N, Utzinger J, N'Goran EK (2014) Praziquantel, mefloquine-praziquantel, and mefloquine-artesunate-praziquantel against Schistosoma haematobium: a randomized, exploratory, open-label trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis e2975:8
King CH, Galvani AP (2018) Underestimation of the global burden of schistosomiasis. Lancet 391:307–308
Leger E, Webster JP (2017) Hybridizations within the genus Schistosoma: implications for evolution, epidemiology and control. Parasitology 144:65–80
Lin DD, Liu JX, Liu YM, Hu F, Zhang YY, Xu JM, Li JY, Ji MJ, Bergquist R, Wu GL, Wu HW (2008) Routine Kato-Katz technique underestimates the prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum: a case study in an endemic area of the People’s Republic of China. Parasitol Int 57:281–286
LoVerde PT (2019) Schistosomiasis. Adv Exp Med Biol 1154:45–70
McManus DP, Dunne DW, Sacko M, Utzinger J, Vennervald BJ, Zhou XN (2018) Schistosomiasis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 4:13
Mutapi F, Maizels R, Fenwick A, Woolhouse M (2017) Human schistosomiasis in the post mass drug administration era. Lancet Infect Dis 17:e42–e48
Nelwan ML (2019) Schistosomiasis: life cycle, diagnosis, and control. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 91:5–9
Olveda DU, Li Y, Olveda RM, Lam AK, McManus DP, Chau TN, Harn DA, Williams GM, Gray DJ, Ross AG (2014a) Bilharzia in the Philippines: past, present, and future. Int J Infect Dis 18:52–56
Olveda DU, Olveda RM, Lam AK, Chau TN, Li Y, Gisparil AD 2nd, Ross AG (2014b) Utility of diagnostic imaging in the diagnosis and management of schistosomiasis. Clin Microbiol 3:142
Poulton K, Webster B (2018) Development of a lateral flow recombinase polymerase assay for the diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni infections. Anal Biochem 546:65–71
Qian C, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Yuan C, Gao Z, Yuan H, Zhong J (2018) Effectiveness of the new integrated strategy to control the transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasite 25:54
Rollinson D, Knopp S, Levitz S, Stothard JR, Tchuem Tchuenté LA, Garba A, Mohammed KA, Schur N, Person B, Colley DG, Utzinger J (2013) Time to set the agenda for schistosomiasis elimination. Acta Trop 128:423–440
Ross AG, Chau TN, Inobaya MT, Olveda RM, Li Y, Harn DA (2017) A new global strategy for the elimination of schistosomiasis. Int J Infect Dis 54:130–137
Sanogo B, Yuan D, Zeng X, Zhang Y, Wu Z (2018) Diversity and compatibility of human schistosomes and their intermediate snail hosts. Trends Parasitol 34(6):493–510
Secor WE (2015) Early lessons from schistosomiasis mass drug administration programs. F1000Res 4:F1000 Faculty Rev-1157
Shu K, Zhang S, Han L, Lei T (2009) Surgical treatment of cerebellar schistosomiasis. Neurosurgery 64:941–944
Song LG, Wu XY, Sacko M, Wu ZD (2016) History of schistosomiasis epidemiology, current status, and challenges in China: on the road to schistosomiasis elimination. Parasitol Res 115:4071–4081
Song Z, Ting L, Kun Y, Wei L, Jian-Feng Z, Li-Chuan G, Yan-Hong L, Yang D, Qing-Jie Y, Hai-Tao Y (2018) Establishment of a recombinase-aided isothermal amplification technique to detect Schistosoma japonicum specific gene fragments. Zhongguo Xue ** Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 30:273–277
Tambo E, Ai L, Zhou X, Chen JH, Hu W, Bergquist R, Guo JG, Utzinger J, Tanner M, Zhou XN (2014) Surveillance-response systems: the key to elimination of tropical diseases. Infect Dis Poverty 3:17
Tchuem Tchuenté LA, Rollinson D, Stothard JR, Molyneux D (2017) Moving from control to elimination of schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa: time to change and adapt strategies. Infect Dis Poverty 6:42
Tebeje BM, Harvie M, You H, Loukas A, McManus DP (2016) Schistosomiasis vaccines: where do we stand? Parasit Vectors 9:528
Toor J, Rollinson D, Turner HC, Gouvras A, King CH, Medley GF, Hollingsworth TD, Anderson RM (2020) Achieving elimination as a public health problem for Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium: when is community-wide treatment required? J Infect Dis 221:S525–S530
Van Dorssen CF, Gordon CA, Li Y, Williams GM, Wang Y, Luo Z, Gobert GN, You H, McManus DP, Gray DJ (2017) Rodents, goats and dogs—their potential roles in the transmission of schistosomiasis in China. Parasitology 144:1633–1642
Vicente B, López-Abán J, Muro A (2018) Field and laboratory comparative evaluation of a LAMP assay for the diagnosis of urogenital schistosomiasis in Cubal, Central Angola. Tropical Med Int Health 23:992–1001
Wang W, Liang YS, Hong QB, Dai JR (2013) African schistosomiasis in mainland China: risk of transmission and countermeasures to tackle the risk. Parasit Vectors 6:249
Wang W, Wang L, Liang YS (2012) Susceptibility or resistance of praziquantel in human schistosomiasis: a review. Parasitol Res 111:1871–1877
Wang W, Yang K (2020) Schistosomiasis and the global goals. N Engl J Med 382:1575–1576
Wang XY, He J, Juma S, Kabole F, Guo JG, Dai JR, Li W, Yang K (2019) Efficacy of China-made praziquantel for treatment of schistosomiasis haematobium in Africa: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis e0007238:13
Wu W, Feng A, Huang Y (2015) Research and control of advanced schistosomiasis japonica in China. Parasitol Res 114:17–27
Wu W, Wang W, Huang YX (2011) New insight into praziquantel against various developmental stages of schistosomes. Parasitol Res 109:1501–1507
Wu ZL, He L (2013) Advances in traditional Chinese medicine treatment of schistosomiasis liver fibrosis. Zhongguo Xue ** Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 25:422–424
**ao SH (2013) Mefloquine, a new type of compound against schistosomes and other helminthes in experimental studies. Parasitol Res 112:3723–3740
Xu J, Li SZ, Zhang LJ, Bergquist R, Dang H, Wang Q, Lv S, Wang TP, Lin DD, Liu JB, Ren GH, Yang K, Liu Y, Dong Y, Zhang SQ, Zhou XN (2020) Surveillance-based evidence: elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem in the Peoples' Republic of China. Infect Dis Poverty 9:63
Zhang XG, Li GX, Zhao SS, Xu FL, Wang YH, Wang W (2014) A review of dihydroartemisinin as another gift from traditional Chinese medicine not only for malaria control but also for schistosomiasis control. Parasitol Res 113:1769–1773
Zhou XN, Bergquist R, Leonardo L, Yang GJ, Yang K, Sudomo M, Olveda R (2010) Schistosomiasis japonica control and research needs. Adv Parasitol 72:145–178
Acknowledgements
This study was funded by the grants from Jiangsu Provincial Department of Science and Technology (grant No. BZ2020003), Jiangsu Provincial Commission of Health (grant Nos. ZDRCA2016056, QNRC2016621 and H2018097), and Wuxi Municipal Bureau of Science and Technology (grant No. CSE31N1730).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wang, W., Yang, K. (2021). The Global Status and Control of Human Schistosomiasis: An Overview. In: Yang, K., Mehlhorn, H. (eds) Sino-African Cooperation for Schistosomiasis Control in Zanzibar. Parasitology Research Monographs, vol 15. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72165-7_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72165-7_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-72164-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-72165-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)