Abstract
Monitoring the environment plays a significant role in the evolution of a smart city with enhanced safety, comfort, and security. One promising technology for smart environment monitoring is the radar-based moving object tracking and classification. Radar-based technology is known to provide better solutions compared to vision-based systems as the latter is prone to the adverse effects of lighting and weather conditions. Radars operating in mm-wave range are preferred due to small size, good angular resolution, small apertures, and low cost. The signature waveform received from the moving object is used to estimate the range and the velocity of multiple targets based on Doppler drift. Also, the micro-Doppler effect on the return signal that occurs due to the micromotion dynamics such as vibrations or rotations can be used to identify the specific type of the target. This book chapter provides an overview of different types of radars and their respective signal processing aspects used for detecting the human and animal activity. Moreover, this chapter explains the deep learning algorithms used for detection and classification of human and animal activity. Thus the intelligent radar systems add greater value to the smart environment compared to other non-radar methods.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
T.V. Kumar, Smart environment for smart cities, in Smart Environment for Smart Cities, (Springer, Singapore, 2020), pp. 1–53
P. Sharma, S. Rajput (eds.), Sustainable Smart Cities in India: Challenges and Future Perspectives (Springer, Berlin, 2017)
V. Angelakis, E. Tragos, H. C. Pöhls, A. Kapovits, A. Bassi (eds.), Designing, Develo**, and Facilitating Smart Cities: Urban Design to IoT Solutions (Springer, 2016)
M. Won, Intelligent traffic monitoring systems for vehicle classification: a survey. IEEE Access 8, 73340–73358 (2020)
V.K. Kukkala, J. Tunnell, S. Pasricha, T. Bradley, Advanced driver-assistance systems: a path toward autonomous vehicles. IEEE Consum. Electron. Mag. 7(5), 18–25 (2018)
D.J. Cook, G. Duncan, G. Sprint, R.L. Fritz, Using smart city technology to make healthcare smarter. Proc. IEEE 106(4), 708–722 (2018)
M. Uddin, W. Khaksar, J. Torresen, Ambient sensors for elderly care and independent living: a survey. Sensors 18(7), 2027 (2018)
S.K. Singh, F. Carpio, A. Jukan, Improving animal-human cohabitation with machine learning in fiber-wireless networks. J. Sens. Actuator Netw. 7(3), 35 (2018)
J. Guerrero-Ibáñez, S. Zeadally, J. Contreras-Castillo, Sensor technologies for intelligent transportation systems. Sensors 18(4), 1212 (2018)
A.P. Sligar, Machine learning-based radar perception for autonomous vehicles using full physics simulation. IEEE Access 8, 51470–51476 (2020)
G. Diraco, A. Leone, P. Siciliano, A radar-based smart sensor for unobtrusive elderly monitoring in ambient assisted living applications. Biosensors 7(4), 55 (2017)
P. Wang, Y. Zhang, Y. Ma, F. Liang, Q. An, H. Xue, J. Wang, Method for distinguishing humans and animals in vital signs monitoring using IR-UWB radar. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 16(22), 4462 (2019)
S. Pisa, E. Pittella, E. Piuzzi, A survey of radar systems for medical applications. IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag. 31(11), 64–81 (2016)
R.P. Sam, U.M. Govindaswamy, Antenna selection and adaptive power allocation for IA-based underlay CR. IET Signal Proc. 11(6), 734–742 (2017)
S.M. Patole, M. Torlak, D. Wang, M. Ali, Automotive radars: a review of signal processing techniques. IEEE Signal Process. Mag. 34(2), 22–35 (2017)
Y.T. Im, J.H. Lee, S.O. Park, A pulse-Doppler and fmcw radar signal processor for surveillance, in 2011 3rd International Asia-Pacific Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (APSAR) (2011), pp. 1–4
M. Reznicek, P. Bezousek, Commercial CW Doppler radar design and application, in 2017 27th International Conference Radioelektronika (RADIOELEKTRONIKA) (2017), pp. 1–5
C. Alabaster, Pulse Doppler radar: principles, technology, applications, vol. 2, IET (2012)
B. Çağlıyan, C. Karabacak, S.Z. Gürbüz, Indoor human activity recognition using BumbleBee radar, in 2014 22nd Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference (SIU) (2014), pp. 1055–1058
M.A.A.H. Khan, R. Kukkapalli, P. Waradpande, S. Kulandaivel, N. Banerjee, N. Roy, R. Robucci, RAM: radar-based activity monitor, in IEEE INFOCOM 2016-The 35th Annual IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (2016), pp. 1–9
P. Reba, G. Umamaheswari, G. Suchitra, Performance investigation of interference alignment techniques for underlay MIMO cognitive radio networks, in 2018 15th IEEE India Council International Conference (INDICON) (2018), pp. 1–5
P.D. Beasley, G. Binns, R.D. Hodges, R.J. Badley, Tarsier: a millimetre wave radar for airport runway debris detection, in First European Radar Conference, 2004. EURAD (2004), pp. 261–264
K.B. Cooper, R.J. Dengler, G. Chattopadhyay, E. Schlecht, J. Gill, A. Skalare, P.H. Siegel, A high-resolution imaging radar at 580 GHz. IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon. Lett. 18(1), 64–66 (2008)
C.Y. Du, X.H. Wang, Z.X. Yuan, Y. Xu, Design of gesture recognition system based on 77GHz millimeter wave radar, in 2019 International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology (ICMMT) (2019), pp. 1–3
M. Alizadeh, G. Shaker, J.C.M. De Almeida, P.P. Morita, S. Safavi-Naeini, Remote monitoring of human vital signs using mm-Wave FMCW radar. IEEE Access 7, 54958–54968 (2019)
N. Techaphangam, M. Wongsaisuwan, Obstacle avoidance using mmWave radar imaging system, in 2020 17th International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology (ECTI-CON) (2020), pp. 466–469
J. Moll, M. Mälzer, N. Scholz, V. Krozer, M. Dürr, D. Pozdniakov, M. Scholz, Radar-based detection of birds near wind energy plants: first experiences from a field study, in 2016 German Microwave Conference (GeMiC) (2016), pp. 239–242
P. Molchanov, S. Gupta, K. Kim, K. Pulli, Short-range FMCW monopulse radar for hand-gesture sensing, in 2015 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarCon) (2015), pp. 1491–1496
M.E. Yanik, M. Torlak, Near-field MIMO-SAR millimeter-wave imaging with sparsely sampled aperture data. IEEE Access 7, 31801–31819 (2019)
A.G. Yarovoy, P. van Genderen, L.P. Ligthart, Ultra-wideband ground penetrating impulse radar, in Ultra-Wideband, Short-Pulse Electromagnetics, vol. 5, (Springer, Boston, 2002), pp. 183–189
A. Kılıç, İ. Babaoğlu, A. Babalık, A. Arslan, Through-wall radar classification of human posture using convolutional neural networks. Int. J. Antennas Propag. 2019, 7541814 (2019)
L. Sakkila, A. Rivenq, F. Boukour, C. Tatkeu, Y. El Hillali, J.M. Rouvaen, Collision avoidance radar system using UWB waveforms signature for road applications, in 2009 9th International Conference on Intelligent Transport Systems Telecommunications, (ITST) (2009), pp. 223–226
M. Zenaldin, R.M. Narayanan, Radar micro-Doppler based human activity classification for indoor and outdoor environments, in Radar Sensor Technology XX, vol. 9829 (International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2016), p. 98291B
F. Qi, H. Lv, F. Liang, Z. Li, X. Yu, J. Wang, MHHT-based method for analysis of micro-Doppler signatures for human finer-grained activity using through-wall SFCW radar. Remote Sens. 9(3), 260 (2017)
K.A. Smith, C. Csech, D. Murdoch, G. Shaker, Gesture recognition using mm-wave sensor for human-car interface. IEEE Sens. Lett. 2(2), 1–4 (2018)
K. Gunaseelan, P. Reba, A. Kandaswamy, Block diagonalisation with adaptive resource allocation algorithm for multi-user MIMO-OFDM systems. Int. J. Collab. Enterp. 1(1), 58–66 (2009)
Y. Kim, Detection of eye blinking using Doppler sensor with principal component analysis. IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 14, 123–126 (2014)
G. Manfredi, J.P. Ovarlez, L. Thirion-Lefevre, Features Extraction of the Doppler frequency signature of a human walking at 1 GHz, in IGARSS 2019-2019 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (2019), pp. 2260–2263
M. Baratchi, N. Meratnia, P.J. Havinga, A.K. Skidmore, B.A. Toxopeus, Sensing solutions for collecting spatio-temporal data for wildlife monitoring applications: a review. Sensors 13(5), 6054–6088 (2013)
I. Orović, S. Stanković, M. Amin, A new approach for classification of human gait based on time-frequency feature representations. Signal Process. 91(6), 1448–1456 (2011)
G.E. Smith, K. Woodbridge, C.J. Baker, Naïve Bayesian radar micro-Doppler recognition, in 2008 International Conference on Radar (2008), pp. 111–116
A. Subasi, D.H. Dammas, R.D. Alghamdi, R.A. Makawi, E.A. Albiety, T. Brahimi, A. Sarirete, Sensor based human activity recognition using adaboost ensemble classifier. Procedia Comput. Sci. 140, 104–111 (2018)
P. Reba, G.U. Maheswari, M.S. Babu, Multiple antenna selection for underlay cognitive radio systems with interference constraint. Wirel. Pers. Commun. 98(1), 1505–1520 (2018)
Z. Zhao, Y. Song, F. Cui, J. Zhu, C. Song, Z. Xu, K. Ding, Point cloud features-based kernel SVM for human-vehicle classification in millimeter wave radar. IEEE Access 8, 26012–26021 (2020)
A. Eryildirim, I. Onaran, Pulse Doppler radar target recognition using a two-stage SVM procedure. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. 47(2), 1450–1457 (2011)
F. Luo, S. Poslad, E. Bodanese, Human activity detection and coarse localization outdoors using micro-Doppler signatures. IEEE Sensors J. 19(18), 8079–8094 (2019)
J. Schmidhuber, Deep learning in neural networks: an overview. Neural Netw. 61, 85–117 (2015)
Y. Kim, T. Moon, Human detection and activity classification based on micro-Doppler signatures using deep convolutional neural networks. IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. 13(1), 8–12 (2015)
F.J. Ordóñez, D. Roggen, Deep convolutional and lstm recurrent neural networks for multimodal wearable activity recognition. Sensors 16(1), 115 (2016)
Z. Zhang, Z. Tian, M. Zhou, Latern: dynamic continuous hand gesture recognition using FMCW radar sensor. IEEE Sensors J. 18(8), 3278–3289 (2018)
M.S. Seyfioğlu, S.Z. Gürbüz, Deep neural network initialization methods for micro-Doppler classification with low training sample support. IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. 14(12), 2462–2466 (2017)
M.S. Seyfioğlu, A.M. Özbayoğlu, S.Z. Gürbüz, Deep convolutional autoencoder for radar-based classification of similar aided and unaided human activities. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. 54(4), 1709–1723 (2018)
Y. Yang, C. Hou, Y. Lang, D. Guan, D. Huang, J. Xu, Open-set human activity recognition based on micro-Doppler signatures. Pattern Recogn. 85, 60–69 (2019)
Y. Lang, Q. Wang, Y. Yang, C. Hou, D. Huang, W. **ang, Unsupervised domain adaptation for micro-Doppler human motion classification via feature fusion. IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. 16(3), 392–396 (2018)
G. Santhanamari, J.V. Viveka, B. Purushothaman, U. Shanthini, M. Vanitha, A new image denoising algorithm based on adaptive threshold and fourth order partial diffusion equation, in 2012 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Research (2012), pp. 1–4
B. Jokanovic, M. Amin, F. Ahmad, Radar fall motion detection using deep learning, in 2016 IEEE radar conference (RadarConf) (2016), pp. 1–6
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Susithra, N., Santhanamari, G., Deepa, M., Reba, P., Ramya, K.C., Garg, L. (2021). Deep Learning-Based Activity Monitoring for Smart Environment Using Radar. In: Maheswar, R., Balasaraswathi, M., Rastogi, R., Sampathkumar, A., Kanagachidambaresan, G.R. (eds) Challenges and Solutions for Sustainable Smart City Development. EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70183-3_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70183-3_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-70182-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-70183-3
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)