SpringerLink
Log in

Overview of Venous Disorders

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Noninvasive Vascular Diagnosis

  • 1930 Accesses

Abstract

Venous disorders are among the most prevalent medical conditions in the Western world. Understanding of the nominal venous anatomy and normal venous hemodynamics is the first and fundamental step in understanding pathophysiology of various venous disorders. Venous disorders can be divided into acute and chronic. Acute venous disorders are entirely thrombotic. Examples are superficial thrombophlebitis, acute deep venous thrombosis, acute axillary-subclavian venous thrombosis, and portal vein system thrombosis. Chronic venous disorders are dominated by reflux through incompetent valves. It is thought that the development of all the clinical manifestations of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) can be ascribed to a blood flow-driven inflammatory process. All the clinical manifestations of primary and secondary CVI may be conducted by this basic pathogenic mechanism.

Thermal and chemical ablations for axial reflux have almost completely replaced high ligation and strip** of the great saphenous vein and short saphenous vein. In patients with postthrombotic syndrome, iliac vein recanalization, angioplasty, and stenting have been shown to aid time to ulcer healing. Novel therapeutic strategies for lower extremity acute vein thrombosis, such as catheter-directed thrombolysis, may be associated with a reduction of postthrombotic syndrome risk.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. AbuRahma A, Bergan JJ, editors. Noninvasive vascular diagnosis. London: Springer; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Gloviczki P, Dalsing MC, Henke P, Lal BK, O’Donnell TF Jr, Shortell CK, et al. Report of the Society for Vascular Surgery and the American Venous Forum on the July 20, 2016 meeting of the Medicare Evidence Development and Coverage Advisory Committee panel on lower extremity chronic venous disease. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2017;5(3):378–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Markovic JN, Shortell CK. Varicose vein surgery. In: Ashley PB, Cance W, Jurkovich G, Kaiser L, Pearce W, Pemberton J, Soper N, editors. American College of Surgeons: principles and practice. 6th ed. USA: Decker Intellectual Properties Publishing; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Catarinella FS, Nieman FH, Wittens CH. An overview of the most commonly used venous quality of life and clinical outcome measurements. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2015;3(3):333–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Davies HO, Popplewell M, Bate G, Kelly L, Koutsoumpelis A, Bradbury AW. Impact of UK NICE Clinical Guidelines 168 and social deprivation on access to interventional treatment for symptomatic varicose vein and specialist referral for leg ulceration. Phlebology. 2017;32(8):548–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Ligi D, Croce L, Mannello F. Chronic venous disorders: the dangerous, the good, and the diverse. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(9):2544.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Nicolaides AN. The most severe stage of chronic venous disease: an update on the management of patients with venous leg ulcers. Adv Ther. 2020;37(Suppl 1):19–24.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Onida S, Davies AH. Predicted burden of venous disease. Phlebology. 2016;31(1 Suppl):74–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Soydan E, Yilmaz E, Baydur H. Effect of socio-demographic characteristics and clinical findings on the quality of life of patients with chronic venous insufficiency. Vascular. 2017;25(4):382–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Bergan JJ, Schmid-Schonbein GW, Smith PD, Nicolaides AN, Boisseau MR, Eklof B. Chronic venous disease. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(5):488–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Cornu Thenard A, Scuderi A, Ramelet AA, Eklof B, Flour M, Delis K, et al. UIP 2011 C3 consensus. Int Angiol. 2012;31(5):414–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Nicolaides A, Kakkos S, Baekgaard N, Comerota A, de Maeseneer M, Eklof B, et al. Management of chronic venous disorders of the lower limbs. Guidelines According to Scientific Evidence. Part I. Int Angiol. 2018;37(3):181–254.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Reporting standards in venous disease. Prepared by the Subcommittee on Reporting Standards in Venous Disease, Ad Hoc Committee on Reporting Standards, Society for Vascular Surgery/North American Chapter, International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery. J Vasc Surg. 1988;8(2):172–81.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Gloviczki P. Classification and reporting standards for venous disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 1996;71(4):422–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Porter JM, Moneta GL. Reporting standards in venous disease: an update. International Consensus Committee on Chronic Venous Disease. J Vasc Surg. 1995;21(4):635–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Sunar H, Yoruk Y. Regarding “Reporting standards in venous disease: an update”. J Vasc Surg. 1996;24(3):500–1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Allegra C, Antignani PL, Bergan JJ, Carpentier PH, Coleridge-Smith P, Cornu-Thenard A, et al. The “C” of CEAP: suggested definitions and refinements: an International Union of Phlebology conference of experts. J Vasc Surg. 2003;37(1):129–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Eklof B, Rutherford RB, Bergan JJ, Carpentier PH, Gloviczki P, Kistner RL, et al. Revision of the CEAP classification for chronic venous disorders: consensus statement. J Vasc Surg. 2004;40(6):1248–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Rutherford RB, Padberg FT Jr, Comerota AJ, Kistner RL, Meissner MH, Moneta GL. Venous severity scoring: an adjunct to venous outcome assessment. J Vasc Surg. 2000;31(6):1307–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Caggiati A, Bergan JJ, Gloviczki P, Eklof B, Allegra C, Partsch H. Nomenclature of the veins of the lower limb: extensions, refinements, and clinical application. J Vasc Surg. 2005;41(4):719–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Caggiati A, Bergan JJ, Gloviczki P, Jantet G, Wendell-Smith CP, Partsch H. Nomenclature of the veins of the lower limbs: an international interdisciplinary consensus statement. J Vasc Surg. 2002;36(2):416–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Kundu S, Lurie F, Millward SF, Padberg F Jr, Vedantham S, Elias S, et al. Recommended reporting standards for endovenous ablation for the treatment of venous insufficiency: joint statement of the American Venous Forum and the Society of Interventional Radiology. J Vasc Surg. 2007;46(3):582–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Kundu S, Lurie F, Millward SF, Padberg F Jr, Vedantham S, Elias S, et al. Recommended reporting standards for endovenous ablation for the treatment of venous insufficiency: joint statement of the American Venous Forum and the Society of Interventional Radiology. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2009;20(7 Suppl):S417–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Kuster G, Lofgren EP, Hollinshead WH. Anatomy of the veins of the foot. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1968;127(4):817–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kosinski C. Observations on the superficial venous system of the lower extremity. J Anat. 1926;60(Pt 2):131–42.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Bergan JJ, Schmid-Schonbein GW, Coleridge Smith PD, Nicolaides AN, Boisseau MR, Eklof B. Chronic venous disease. Minerva Cardioangiol. 2007;55(4):459–76.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Caggiati A, Bergan JJ. The saphenous vein: derivation of its name and its relevant anatomy. J Vasc Surg. 2002;35(1):172–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Dagur G, Gandhi J, Smith N, Khan SA. Anatomical approach to clinical problems of popliteal fossa. Curr Rheumatol Rev. 2017;13(2):126–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Sawyer E, Tadi P. Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, popliteal vein. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing LLC; 2020.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Corcos L, Macchi C, de Anna D, Procacci T, Peruzzi G, Giannelli F, et al. The anatomical variables of the sapheno-popliteal junction visualization by radiological and echographic examinations. Ital J Anat Embryol. 1996;101(1):15–28.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Farrah J, Saharay M, Georgiannos SN, Scurr JH, Smith PD. Variable venous anatomy of the popliteal fossa demonstrated by duplex scanning. Dermatol Surg. 1998;24(8):901–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Igari K, Hirokawa M, Uchiyama H, Toyofuku T, Kudo T, Jibiki M, et al. Anatomical variation at the sapheno-femoral junction. Ann Vasc Dis. 2013;6(4):702–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Thiery L. Surgical anatomy of the popliteal fossa. Phlebologie. 1986;39(1):57–66.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. O’Donnell TF. The role of perforators in chronic venous insufficiency. Phlebology. 2010;25(1):3–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Rhodes JM, Gloviczki P. Endoscopic perforating vein surgery. Surg Clin N Am. 1999;79(3):667–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Dillavou ED, Harlander-Locke M, Labropoulos N, Elias S, Ozsvath KJ. Current state of the treatment of perforating veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2016;4(1):131–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Kachlik D, Pechacek V, Hnatkova G, Hnatek L, Musil V, Baca V. The venous perforators of the lower limb – a new terminology. Phlebology. 2019;34(10):650–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Kachlik D, Pechacek V, Baca V, Musil V. The superficial venous system of the lower extremity: new nomenclature. Phlebology. 2010;25(3):113–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Eklof B, Perrin M, Delis KT, Rutherford RB, Gloviczki P. Updated terminology of chronic venous disorders: the VEIN-TERM transatlantic interdisciplinary consensus document. J Vasc Surg. 2009;49(2):498–501.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Caggiati A, Bergan JJ, Gloviczki P, et al. Nomenclature of the veins of the lower limbs: an international interdisciplinary consensus statement. J Vasc Surg 2002;36(2):416–422

    Google Scholar 

  41. Bergan JJ. Overview of venous disorders. In: Noninvasive vascular diagnosis. London: Springer; 2007. p. 369–74.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  42. Gloviczki P, Dalsing MC, editors. Handbook of venous disorders: guidelines of the American Venous Forum. 3rd ed. London: Hodder Arnold; 2009. p. xxiii, 744.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Piciucchi S, Barone D, Sanna S, Dubini A, Goodman LR, Oboldi D, et al. The azygos vein pathway: an overview from anatomical variations to pathological changes. Insights Imaging. 2014;5(5):619–28.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Di Nisio M, Wichers IM, Middeldorp S. Treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;2:Cd004982.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Kearon C, Akl EA, Ornelas J, Blaivas A, Jimenez D, Bounameaux H, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest. 2016;149(2):315–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Litzendorf ME, Satiani B. Superficial venous thrombosis: disease progression and evolving treatment approaches. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2011;7:569–75.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Beckman MG, Hooper WC, Critchley SE, Ortel TL. Venous thromboembolism: a public health concern. Am J Prev Med. 2010;38(4 Suppl):S495–501.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Streiff MB, Agnelli G, Connors JM, Crowther M, Eichinger S, Lopes R, et al. Guidance for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2016;41(1):32–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Liew A, Douketis J. Catheter-directed thrombolysis for extensive iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis: review of literature and ongoing trials. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2016;14(2):189–200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Neglen P, Raju S. Intravascular ultrasound scan evaluation of the obstructed vein. J Vasc Surg. 2002;35(4):694–700.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Popuri RK, Vedantham S. The role of thrombolysis in the clinical management of deep vein thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011;31(3):479–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Enden T, Haig Y, Klow NE, Slagsvold CE, Sandvik L, Ghanima W, et al. Long-term outcome after additional catheter-directed thrombolysis versus standard treatment for acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis (the CaVenT study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2012;379(9810):31–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Enden T, Wik HS, Kvam AK, Haig Y, Klow NE, Sandset PM. Health-related quality of life after catheter-directed thrombolysis for deep vein thrombosis: secondary outcomes of the randomised, non-blinded, parallel-group CaVenT study. BMJ Open. 2013;3(8):e002984.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Haig Y, Enden T, Grotta O, Klow NE, Slagsvold CE, Ghanima W, et al. Post-thrombotic syndrome after catheter-directed thrombolysis for deep vein thrombosis (CaVenT): 5-year follow-up results of an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Haematol. 2016;3(2):e64–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Vedantham S, Goldhaber SZ, Julian JA, Kahn SR, Jaff MR, Cohen DJ, et al. Pharmacomechanical catheter-directed thrombolysis for deep-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(23):2240–52.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Weinberg I, Vedantham S, Salter A, Hadley G, Al-Hammadi N, Kearon C, et al. Relationships between the use of pharmacomechanical catheter-directed thrombolysis, sonographic findings, and clinical outcomes in patients with acute proximal DVT: results from the ATTRACT Multicenter Randomized Trial. Vasc Med. 2019;24(5):442–51.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Kahn SR, Julian JA, Kearon C, Gu CS, Cohen DJ, Magnuson EA, et al. Quality of life after pharmacomechanical catheter-directed thrombolysis for proximal deep venous thrombosis. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2020;8(1):8–23.e18.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Notten P, Ten Cate-Hoek AJ, Arnoldussen C, Strijkers RHW, de Smet A, Tick LW, et al. Ultrasound-accelerated catheter-directed thrombolysis versus anticoagulation for the prevention of post-thrombotic syndrome (CAVA): a single-blind, multicentre, randomised trial. Lancet Haematol. 2020;7(1):e40–e9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Amin EE, Ten Cate-Hoek AJ, Bouman AC, Meijer K, Tick L, Middeldorp S, et al. Individually shortened duration versus standard duration of elastic compression therapy for prevention of post-thrombotic syndrome: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Lancet Haematol. 2018;5(11):e512–e9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Ten Cate-Hoek AJ, Amin EE, Bouman AC, Meijer K, Tick LW, Middeldorp S, et al. Individualised versus standard duration of elastic compression therapy for prevention of post-thrombotic syndrome (IDEAL DVT): a multicentre, randomised, single-blind, allocation-concealed, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Haematol. 2018;5(1):e25–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Labropoulos N. Elastic compression therapy to prevent post-thrombotic syndrome. Lancet Haematol. 2018;5(11):e494–e5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Labropoulos N, Gasparis AP, Caprini JA, Partsch H. Compression stockings to prevent post-thrombotic syndrome. Lancet. 2014;384(9938):129–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Mol GC, van de Ree MA, Klok FA, Tegelberg MJ, Sanders FB, Koppen S, et al. One versus two years of elastic compression stockings for prevention of post-thrombotic syndrome (OCTAVIA study): randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2016;353:i2691.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Thompson RW. Challenges in the treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome. Tex Heart Inst J. 2012;39(6):842–3.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Kosir MA, Kozol RA, Perales A, McGee K, Beleski K, Lange P, et al. Is DVT prophylaxis overemphasized? A randomized prospective study. J Surg Res. 1996;60(2):289–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Kline JA, Courtney DM, Kabrhel C, Moore CL, Smithline HA, Plewa MC, et al. Prospective multicenter evaluation of the pulmonary embolism rule-out criteria. J Thromb Haemost. 2008;6(5):772–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Alotaibi GS, Wu C, Senthilselvan A, McMurtry MS. Secular trends in incidence and mortality of acute venous thromboembolism: the AB-VTE population-based study. Am J Med. 2016;129(8):879.e19–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Goldacre MJ, Roberts S, Yeates D, Griffith M. Hospital admission and mortality rates for venous thromboembolism in Oxford region, UK, 1975–98. Lancet. 2000;355(9219):1968–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Huang W, Goldberg RJ, Anderson FA, Kiefe CI, Spencer FA. Secular trends in occurrence of acute venous thromboembolism: the Worcester VTE study (1985–2009). Am J Med. 2014;127(9):829–839.e5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Kroger K, Kupper-Nybelen J, Moerchel C, Moysidis T, Kienitz C, Schubert I. Prevalence and economic burden of pulmonary embolism in Germany. Vasc Med. 2012;17(5):303–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Wiener RS, Schwartz LM, Woloshin S. Time trends in pulmonary embolism in the United States: evidence of overdiagnosis. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(9):831–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Madhusudhan KS, Vyas S, Sharma S, Srivastava DN, Gupta AK. Portal vein abnormalities: an imaging review. Clin Imaging. 2018;52:70–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Stagno A, Saitta C, Silipigni S, Catanzariti F, Caloggero S, Bottari A. Anatomic variations: a rare variant of formation of the portal vein. Surg Radiol Anat. 2019;41(9):1093–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Yamashita R, Yamaoka T, Nishitai R, Isoda H, Taura K, Arizono S, et al. Portal vein branching order helps in the recognition of anomalous right-sided round ligament: common features and variations in portal vein anatomy. Abdom Radiol. 2017;42(7):1832–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Balfour GW, Stewart TG. Case of enlarged spleen complicated with ascites, both depending upon varicose dilatation and thrombosis of the portal vein. Edinb Med J. 1869;14(7):589–98.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Ponziani FR, Zocco MA, Campanale C, Rinninella E, Tortora A, Di Maurizio L, et al. Portal vein thrombosis: insight into physiopathology, diagnosis, and treatment. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(2):143–55.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Langabeer SE, Ni Ainle F, Conneally E, Lawler M. Incidence and significance of the JAK2 V617F mutation in patients with chronic myeloproliferative disorders. Ir J Med Sci. 2007;176(2):105–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Pardanani A. JAK2 inhibitor therapy in myeloproliferative disorders: rationale, preclinical studies and ongoing clinical trials. Leukemia. 2008;22(1):23–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Tefferi A, Gilliland DG. JAK2 in myeloproliferative disorders is not just another kinase. Cell Cycle. 2005;4(8):1053–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Hoekstra J, Bresser EL, Smalberg JH, Spaander MC, Leebeek FW, Janssen HL. Long-term follow-up of patients with portal vein thrombosis and myeloproliferative neoplasms. J Thromb Haemost. 2011;9(11):2208–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Smalberg JH, Arends LR, Valla DC, Kiladjian JJ, Janssen HL, Leebeek FW. Myeloproliferative neoplasms in Budd-Chiari syndrome and portal vein thrombosis: a meta-analysis. Blood. 2012;120(25):4921–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Hollingshead M, Burke CT, Mauro MA, Weeks SM, Dixon RG, Jaques PF. Transcatheter thrombolytic therapy for acute mesenteric and portal vein thrombosis. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2005;16(5):651–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Rosen MP, Sheiman R. Transhepatic mechanical thrombectomy followed by infusion of TPA into the superior mesenteric artery to treat acute mesenteric vein thrombosis. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2000;11(2 Pt 1):195–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Ludwig DJ, Hauptmann E, Rosoff L Jr, Neuzil D. Mesenteric and portal vein thrombosis in a young patient with protein S deficiency treated with urokinase via the superior mesenteric artery. J Vasc Surg. 1999;30(3):551–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Bergan JJ, Pascarella L, Schmid-Schonbein GW. Pathogenesis of primary chronic venous disease: insights from animal models of venous hypertension. J Vasc Surg. 2008;47(1):183–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Markovic JN, Shortell CK. Genomics of varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency. Semin Vasc Surg. 2013;26(1):2–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Lurie F, Passman M, Meisner M, Dalsing M, Masuda E, Welch H, et al. The 2020 update of the CEAP classification system and reporting standards. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2020;8(3):342–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Meissner MH, Eklof B, Gloviczki P, Lohr JM, Lurie F, Kistner R, et al. Map** the future: organizational, clinical, and research priorities in venous disease. J Vasc Surg. 2007;46(Suppl S):84S–93S.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Lurie F, Comerota A, Eklof B, Kistner RL, Labropoulos N, Lohr J, et al. Multicenter assessment of venous reflux by duplex ultrasound. J Vasc Surg. 2012;55(2):437–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Gloviczki P, Comerota AJ, Dalsing MC, Eklof BG, Gillespie DL, Gloviczki ML, et al. The care of patients with varicose veins and associated chronic venous diseases: clinical practice guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery and the American Venous Forum. J Vasc Surg. 2011;53(5 Suppl):2S–48S.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Nesbitt C, Bedenis R, Bhattacharya V, Stansby G. Endovenous ablation (radiofrequency and laser) and foam sclerotherapy versus open surgery for great saphenous vein varices. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2014(7):CD005624.

    Google Scholar 

  92. O’Donnell TF Jr, Passman MA, Marston WA, Ennis WJ, Dalsing M, Kistner RL, et al. Management of venous leg ulcers: clinical practice guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery (R) and the American Venous Forum. J Vasc Surg. 2014;60(2 Suppl):3S–59S.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Harlander-Locke M, Lawrence P, Jimenez JC, Rigberg D, DeRubertis B, Gelabert H. Combined treatment with compression therapy and ablation of incompetent superficial and perforating veins reduces ulcer recurrence in patients with CEAP 5 venous disease. J Vasc Surg. 2012;55(2):446–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Alhalbouni S, Hingorani A, Shiferson A, Gopal K, Jung D, Novak D, et al. Iliac-femoral venous stenting for lower extremity venous stasis symptoms. Ann Vasc Surg. 2012;26(2):185–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Seager MJ, Busuttil A, Dharmarajah B, Davies AH. Editor’s choice – a systematic review of endovenous stenting in chronic venous disease secondary to iliac vein obstruction. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2016;51(1):100–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Williams ZF, Dillavou ED. A systematic review of venous stents for iliac and venacaval occlusive disease. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2020;8(1):145–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Black S, Gwozdz A, Karunanithy N, Silickas J, Breen K, Hunt B, et al. Two year outcome after chronic iliac vein occlusion recanalisation using the Vici Venous Stent®. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2018;56(5):710–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Lichtenberg M, Breuckmann F, Stahlhoff WF, Neglen P, Rick G. Placement of closed-cell designed venous stents in a mixed cohort of patients with chronic venous outflow obstructions – short-term safety, patency, and clinical outcomes. Vasa. 2018;47(6):475–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. van Vuuren TMAJ, Doganci S, Wittens CHA. Patency rates and clinical outcomes in a cohort of 200 patients treated with a dedicated venous stent. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2018;6(3):321–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA

    Jovan N. Markovic & Cynthia K. Shortell

Authors
  1. Jovan N. Markovic
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Cynthia K. Shortell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jovan N. Markovic .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery Division of Vascular/Endovascular Surgery, West Virginia University – Charleston Division, Charleston, WV, USA

    Ali F. AbuRahma

  2. Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy The John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Bruce A. Perler

Section Editor information

  1. Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular/Endovascular Surgery, West Virginia University - Charleston Division, Charleston, WV, USA

    Ali F. AbuRahma

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Markovic, J.N., Shortell, C.K. (2022). Overview of Venous Disorders. In: AbuRahma, A.F., Perler, B.A. (eds) Noninvasive Vascular Diagnosis. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60626-8_38

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60626-8_38

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-60625-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-60626-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation