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Recent Trends in Fabrication and Applications of Wearable Bioelectronics for Early-Stage Disease Monitoring and Diagnosis

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Macro, Micro, and Nano-Biosensors

Abstract

Modern technology has offered many ways to use chemical and biosensors effectively in detecting various analytes in environmental, medical, and food samples. Recently, people have started to use wearable devices to track various kinds of information about their health and fitness level. The market of wearable devices in 2015 was $5 billion which showed 25% enhancement over 2014, and it is further expected to grow for the next 5 years. The primary focus of this chapter is to bring the latest developments on nanofabricated wearable devices which integrated on the epidermis, thereby analyzing by a non-invasive and non-obtrusive fashion. We have given more emphasis on the recent developments in the fabrication methodologies toward the chemical and biosensor for physical parameter measurements of heart rate, glucose, temperature, and pressure levels. To prepare wearable devices, nanomaterials such as 2D graphene, 1D carbon nanotubes, conducting polymers, and noble metal nanoparticles have been used as transducers. There are various challenges in recording the real-time measurements on human body during physical movements when there are drastic changes in the temperature, pressure, and humidity of the device, so these parameters have to be taken into account during flexible sensor device manufacturing. There are further developments on wearable devices which can track the health of patients, and also depending on the need, it can release drug into the body in a controlled manner for a timely diagnosis. We have also discussed the need of wearable devices and their use as temperature/motion sensor, respiration rate analyzer, heart rate and blood pressure monitoring, detecting the level of glucose, lactate, pH, etc. In addition, therapeutic applications and future hopes of wearable sensors have been discussed.

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Abbreviations

SERS:

Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

PEDOT:PSS:

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate

PDMS:

Polydimethylsiloxane

CNTs:

Carbon nanotubes

GO:

Graphene oxide

rGO:

Reduced graphene oxide

BN:

Boron nitride

MoS2:

Molybdenum disulfide

WS2:

Tungsten disulfide

RFID:

Radio-frequency identification

PTC:

Positive temperature coefficient

NTC:

Negative temperature coefficient

Ag NWs:

Silver nanowires

Ag NPs:

Silver nanoparticles

PET:

Polyethylene terephthalate

SEBS:

Styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene

SWCNTs:

Single-walled carbon nanotubes

PU:

Polyurethane

FSSF:

Free-standing stretchable fiber

b.p.m:

Beats per minute

HR:

Heart rate

ECG:

Electrocardiography

PVDF:

Poly(vinylidene fluoride)

PVDF-TrFE:

poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene)

PEIE:

Ethoxylatedpolyethylenimine

MWCNTs:

multiwalled carbon nanotubes

VS:

vinylsiloxane

PFTs:

Pulmonary function tests

wPt:

Wrinkled platinum

IC:

Inspiratory capacity

ESMF:

Etched single mode fiber

CB:

Carbon black

MLGs:

Multilayer graphene platelets

Au NW:

Gold nanowire

ROA:

Reflectance oximeter array

H2O2:

Hydrogen peroxide

LED:

Light emitting diode

OCET:

Organic electrochemical transistor

Na+ ion:

Sodium ion

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Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the Science and Engineering Research Board, India (Ref. No.: ECR/2016/001446). We also thank DST (International Bilateral Cooperation Division) for financial support through “INDO-RUSSIA Project (File No.: INT/RUS/RFBR/385).” RDN thanks SRM IST for Ph.D. student fellowship.

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  1. Department of Chemistry, SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India

    Ramila D. Nagarajan & Ashok K. Sundramoorthy

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  1. Ramila D. Nagarajan
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  2. Ashok K. Sundramoorthy
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Correspondence to Ashok K. Sundramoorthy .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, Maharashtra, India

    Mahendra Rai

  2. Laboratory of Biosensors, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia

    Anatoly Reshetilov

  3. Laboratory of Biosensors, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia

    Yulia Plekhanova

  4. Department of Biotechnology Engineering School of Lorena, University of Sao Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil

    Avinash P Ingle

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Nagarajan, R.D., Sundramoorthy, A.K. (2021). Recent Trends in Fabrication and Applications of Wearable Bioelectronics for Early-Stage Disease Monitoring and Diagnosis. In: Rai, M., Reshetilov, A., Plekhanova, Y., Ingle, A.P. (eds) Macro, Micro, and Nano-Biosensors. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55490-3_18

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