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Mitochondrial Function in Aging

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Clinical Genetics and Genomics of Aging

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Abstract

The literature refers to the mitochondrion as the powerhouse of the cell, since this organelle is the primary source of energy production in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria are not simple machines that produce energy. For instance, recent studies have proposed that mitochondria are a significant hub among several signaling pathways that regulate survival, immunity, and proteostasis that are also strongly associated with aging. Therefore, the study of mitochondrial function, which involves metabolism, distribution within the cell, and dynamics (fission, fusion, and mitophagy), has become relevant in the aging field. Moreover, the mitochondria are also the principal producers of reactive oxygen species, so mitochondrial dysfunction is an important hallmark of aging. In this chapter, we will analyze the role of mitochondrial dynamics and metabolism that, upon failure, lead to the organelle dysfunction, and their relationship with the aging process and age-related diseases. Finally, we will describe a few examples of treatments that have been used in order to target mitochondria and restore mitochondrial function.

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Abbreviations

∆Ψm:

Mitochondrial membrane potential

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

BMI:

Body mass index

DRP1:

Dynamin-related protein 1

ETC:

Electron transport chain

FA:

Fatty acids

FAO:

Fatty acid oxidation

Fis1:

Mitochondrial fission protein 1

IMM:

Inner mitochondrial membrane

MFF:

Mitochondrial fission factor

MiD:

Mitochondrial division factors

MPTP:

Mitochondrial permeability transition pore

MRC:

Mitochondrial respiratory chain

mtDNA:

Mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid

mtUPR:

Mitochondrial unfolded protein response

NRF2:

Nuclear respiratory factor 2

OMM:

Outer mitochondrial membrane

OxPhos:

Oxidative phosphorylation

PARL:

Presenilin-associated rhomboid-like

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

PGC-1α :

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ

Pol-ˠ:

Polymerase gamma

PUFAs:

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

RNA:

Ribonucleic acid

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

TCA:

Tricarboxylic acid cycle

TFAM:

Mitochondrial transcription factor A

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by CONACYT grant FOSSIS-272256, as well as the “Red Temática de Investigación en Salud y Desarrollo Social” from CONACYT. Morales-Rosales is a CONACYT scholarship holder (CVU 718720 and scholarship number 702613). Authors thank Ariadna Guerrero-Cruz for the artwork.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico

    S. L. Morales-Rosales & M. Königsberg

  2. Posgrado en Biología Experimental, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico

    S. L. Morales-Rosales

  3. División de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Geriatría, Mexico City, Mexico

    Nadia Alejandra Rivero-Segura

Authors
  1. S. L. Morales-Rosales
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  2. Nadia Alejandra Rivero-Segura
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  3. M. Königsberg
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. Königsberg .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Basic Sciencies Division, National Institute of Geriatrics, Ciudad de México, Mexico

    Juan Carlos Gomez-Verjan

  2. Instituto Nacional de Geriatría (INGER), Ciudad de México, Mexico

    Nadia Alejandra Rivero-Segura

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Morales-Rosales, S.L., Rivero-Segura, N.A., Königsberg, M. (2020). Mitochondrial Function in Aging. In: Gomez-Verjan, J., Rivero-Segura, N. (eds) Clinical Genetics and Genomics of Aging. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40955-5_4

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