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A Brief History of Permutation Methods

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A Primer of Permutation Statistical Methods

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Abstract

This chapter provides a brief history and overview of the early beginnings and subsequent development of permutation statistical methods, organized by decades from the 1920s to the present.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Authors’ note: Statistics on the Table and The Seven Pillars of Statistical Wisdom by Stephen Stigler are comprehensible and lucid texts written for readers with limited statistical training.

  2. 2.

    Authors’ note: The Rise of Statistical Thinking by Theodore Porter and The Lady Tasting Tea by David Salsburg are well-written and appropriate for readers with limited statistical training.

  3. 3.

    Jerzy Spława-Neyman later shortened his name to Jerzy Neyman, emigrated to the USA, and assumed a position at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1938. Neyman founded the Department of Statistics at UC Berkeley in 1955.

  4. 4.

    The original symbol for the variance-ratio test statistic used by Fisher was z. In 1934 George Snedecor published tabled values in a small monograph for Fisher’s z statistic and rechristened the test statistic F [89].

  5. 5.

    The exact probability test for 2×2 contingency tables was independently developed by Frank Yates in 1934 [104] and Joseph Irwin in 1935 [52].

  6. 6.

    Also see an article on this topic by E.J. Burr in 1960 [19].

  7. 7.

    Relatively speaking, there were no “high-speed” computers in 1960. Since Robertson worked at the Sandia National Laboratory in Albuquerque, New Mexico, he had access to a Royal McBee LGP-30. The Royal McBee Librascope General Purpose (LGP) computer was considered a desktop computer, even though it weighed 740 pounds. The LGP-30 contained a 4096-word magnetic drum, and had a clock rate of only 120 kHz.

  8. 8.

    Authors’ note: After 40-plus years, this 1973 article by Feinstein remains as perhaps the clearest non-mathematical introduction to permutation methods ever written and should be consulted by all researchers new to the field of permutation methods.

  9. 9.

    The journal Applied Statistics is also known as Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series C.

  10. 10.

    Eugene Edgington, a dominating force in the promotion of permutation statistical methods for 50 years, passed away on September 2, 2013, at the age of 89.

  11. 11.

    StatXact is a statistical software package for analyzing data using exact statistics. It is marketed by Cytel Inc. [4].

  12. 12.

    Technically, R was first developed in 1995, but only came into wide use in the period 2000–2009.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Sociology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA

    Kenneth J. Berry

  2. Alexandria, Virginia, USA

    Janis E. Johnston

  3. Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA

    Paul W. Mielke Jr.

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Berry, K.J., Johnston, J.E., Mielke, P.W. (2019). A Brief History of Permutation Methods. In: A Primer of Permutation Statistical Methods. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20933-9_2

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