SpringerLink
Log in

Staphylococci

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Molecular Ty** in Bacterial Infections

Part of the book series: Infectious Disease ((ID))

  • 2277 Accesses

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen in hospitals, as well as an important cause of infection in the community and in livestock. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) are particularly difficult to control. Ty** of S. aureus is performed to identify outbreaks and support infection control responses, or to identify major clones with unique pathogenic and geographical properties. S. aureus genomes contain stable core components that correlate strongly with lineage, and several ty** methods identify lineage accurately such as multi-locus sequence ty** (MLST) and spa ty**. The less stable part of the genome is the mobile genetic elements (MGEs), which encode many virulence and resistance genes, and generally different methods are employed to investigate these. The ty** method(s) chosen should reflect the question to be asked and the type of variation that is expected, which is likely to vary with local epidemiology, geography, setting, and time. The ty** methods with the most potential for the future are microarrays and whole genome sequencing.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
EUR 29.95
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
EUR 171.19
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
EUR 219.98
Price includes VAT (Germany)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Lindsay JA (2010) Genomic variation and evolution of Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Med Microbiol 300:98–103

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Nathwani D, Morgan M, Masterton RG, Dryden M, Cookson BD, French G, Lewis D, British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Working Party on Community-onset MRSA Infections (2008) Guidelines for UK practice for the diagnosis and management of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections presenting in the community. J Antimicrob Chemother 61:976–994

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. de Lassence A, Hidri N, Timsit JF, Joly-Guillou ML, Thiery G, Boyer A, Lable P, Blivet A, Kalinowski H, Martin Y, Lajonchere JP, Dreyfuss D (2006) Control and outcome of a large outbreak of colonization and infection with glycopeptide-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus in an intensive care unit. Clin Infect Dis 42:170–178

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Edgeworth JD, Yadegarfar G, Pathak S, Batra R, Cockfield J, Wyncoll D, Beale R, Lindsay JA (2007) An outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-ST 239 associated with a high rate of bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 44:493–501

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Schlievert PM, Shands KN, Dan BB, Schmid GP, Nishimura RD (1981) Identification and characterization of an exotoxin from Staphylococcus aureus associated with toxic-shock syndrome. J Infect Dis 143:509–516

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Bergdoll MS, Crass BA, Reiser RF, Robbins RN, Davis JP (1981) A new staphylococcal enterotoxin, enterotoxin F, associated with toxic-shock-syndrome Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Lancet 1:1017–1021

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Lina G, Piémont Y, Godail-Gamot F, Bes M, Peter M-O, Gauduchon V, Vandenesch F, Etienne J (1999) Involvement of Panton-Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus in primary skin infections and pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 29:1128–1132

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Aires de Sousa M, de Lencastre H (2003) Evolution of sporadic isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in hospitals and their similarities to isolates of community-acquired MRSA. J Clin Microbiol 41:3806–3815

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Wulf M, Voss A (2008) MRSA in livestock animals-an epidemic waiting to happen? Clin Microbiol Infect 14(6):519–521

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Feil EJ, Cooper JE, Grundmann H, Robinson DA, Enright MC, Berendt T, Peacock SJ, Smith JM, Murphy M, Spratt BG, Moore CE, Day NP (2003) How clonal is Staphylococcus aureus? J Bacteriol 185:3307–3316

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Lindsay JA, Moore CE, Day NP, Peacock SJ, Witney AA, Stabler RA, Hussain SE, Butcher PD, Hinds J (2006) Microarrays reveal each of the ten dominant lineages of Staphylococcus aureus have unique combinations of surface-associated and regulatory genes. J Bacteriol 188:669–676

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Harris SR, Feil EJ, Holden MT, Quail MA, Nickerson EK, Chantratita N, Gardete S, Tavares A, Day N, Lindsay JA, Edgeworth JD, de Lencastre H, Parkhill J, Peacock SJ, Bentley SD (2010) Evolution of MRSA during hospital transmission and intercontinental spread. Science 327:469–474

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Mwangi MM, Wu SW, Zhou Y, Sieradzki K, de Lencastre H, Richardson P, Bruce D, Rubin E, Myers E, Siggia ED, Tomasz A (2007) Tracking the in vivo evolution of multidrug resistance in Staphylococcus aureus by whole-genome sequencing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:9451–9456

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Howden BP, Stinear TP, Allen DL, Johnson PD, Ward PB, Davies JK (2008) Genomic analysis reveals a point mutation in the two-component sensor gene graS that leads to intermediate vancomycin resistance in clinical Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:3755–3762

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Lindsay JA, Holden MTG (2006) Understanding the rise of the super bug: investigation of the evolution and genomic variation of Staphylococcus aureus. Funct Integr Genomics 6:186–201

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Lindsay JA (2008) S. aureus evolution: lineages and mobile genetic elements (MGE). In: Lindsay JA (ed) Staphylococcus: Molecular Genetics. Caister Academic Press, UK

    Google Scholar 

  17. Lindsay JA, Ruzin A, Ross H, Kurepina N, Novick RP (1998) The gene for toxic shock toxin is carried by a family of mobile pathogenicity islands in Staphylococcus aureus. Mol Microbiol 29:527–543

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Ruzin A, Lindsay J, Novick RP (2001) Molecular genetics of SaPI1 – a mobile pathogenicity island in Staphylococcus aureus. Mol Microbiol 41:365–377

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Moore PCL, Lindsay JA (2001) Genetic variation among hospital isolates of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus: evidence for horizontal transfer of virulence genes. J Clin Microbiol 39:2760–2767

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Goerke C, Matias y Papenberg S, Dasbach S, Dietz K, Ziebach R, Kahl BC, Wolz C (2004) Increased frequency of genomic alterations in Staphylococcus aureus during chronic infection is in part due to phage mobilization. J Infect Dis 189:724–734

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Goerke C, Wolz C (2004) Regulatory and genomic plasticity of Staphylococcus aureus during persistent colonization and infection. Int J Med Microbiol 294:195–202

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Jensen SO, Lyon BR (2009) Genetics of antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Future Microbiol 4:565–582

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Robinson DA, Enright MC (2003) Evolutionary models of the emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:3926–3934

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. McDonald M, Dougall A, Holt D, Huygens F, Oppedisano F, Giffard PM, Inman-Bamber J, Stephens AJ, Towers R, Carapetis JR, Currie BJ (2006) Use of a single-nucleotide polymorphism genoty** system to demonstrate the unique epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in remote aboriginal communities. J Clin Microbiol 44:3720–3727

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Vorobieva V, Bazhukova T, Hanssen AM, Caugant DA, Semenova N, Haldorsen BC, Simonsen GS, Sundsfjord A (2008) Clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from the Arkhangelsk region, Russia: antimicrobial susceptibility, molecular epidemiology, and distribution of Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes. APMIS 116:877–887

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Okon KO, Basset P, Uba A, Lin J, Oyawoye B, Shittu AO, Blanc DS (2009) Cooccurrence of predominant Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive sequence type (ST) 152 and multidrug-resistant ST 241 Staphylococcus aureus clones in Nigerian hospitals. J Clin Microbiol 47:3000–3003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Ruimy R, Maiga A, Armand-Lefevre L, Maiga I, Diallo A, Koumaré AK, Ouattara K, Soumaré S, Gaillard K, Lucet JC, Andremont A, Feil EJ (2008) The carriage population of Staphylococcus aureus from Mali is composed of a combination of pandemic clones and the divergent Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive genotype ST152. J Bacteriol 190:3962–3968

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Chen H, Liu Y, Jiang X, Chen M, Wang H (2010) Rapid change of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones in a Chinese tertiary care hospital over a 15-year period. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54:1842–1847

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Loeffler A, Boag AK, Sung J, Lindsay JA, Guardabassi L, Dalsgaard A, Smith H, Stevens KB, Lloyd DH (2005) J Antimicrob Chemother 56:692–697

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Smith EM, Green LE, Medley GF, Bird HE, Fox LK, Schukken YH, Kruze JV, Bradley AJ, Zadoks RN, Dowson CG (2005) Multilocus sequence ty** of intercontinental bovine Staphylococcus aureus isolates. J Clin Microbiol 43:4737–4743

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Sung JM-L, Lloyd DH, Lindsay JA (2008) Staphylococcus aureus host specificity: comparative genomics of human versus animal isolates by multi-strain microarray. Microbiology 154:1949–1959

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Hasman H, Moodley A, Guardabassi L, Stegger M, Skov RL, Aarestrup FM (2010) spa type distribution in Staphylococcus aureus originating from pigs, cattle and poultry. Vet Microbiol 141:326–331

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Nübel U, Roumagnac P, Feldkamp M, Song JH, Ko KS, Huang YC, Coombs G, Ip M, Westh H, Skov R, Struelens MJ, Goering RV, Strommenger B, Weller A, Witte W, Achtman M (2008) Frequent emergence and limited geographic dispersal of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:14130–14135

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Cockfield JD, Edgeworth JD, Pathak S, Lindsay JA (2007) Rapid lineage ty** of hospital MRSA. J Med Microbiol 56:614–619

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Amorim ML, Aires de Sousa M, Sanches IS, Sá-Leão R, Cabeda JM, Amorim JM, de Lencastre H (2002) Clonal and antibiotic resistance profiles of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from a Portuguese hospital over time. Microb Drug Resist 8:301–309

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Conceição T, Aires-de-Sousa M, Füzi M, Tóth A, Pászti J, Ungvári E, van Leeuwen WB, van Belkum A, Grundmann H, de Lencastre H (2007) Replacement of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones in Hungary over time: a 10-year surveillance study. Clin Microbiol Infect 13:971–979

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Ellington MJ, Hope R, Livermore DM, Kearns AM, Henderson K, Cookson BD, Pearson A, Johnson AP (2010) Decline of EMRSA-16 amongst methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus causing bacteraemias in the UK between 2001 and 2007. J Antimicrob Chemother 65:446–448

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Tristan A, Ferry T, Durand G, Dauwalder O, Bes M, Lina G, Vandenesch F, Etienne J (2007) Virulence determinants in community and hospital methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Hosp Infect 65(Suppl 2):105–109

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Huijsdens XW, van Dijke BJ, Spalburg E, van Santen-Verheuvel MG, Heck ME, Pluister GN, Voss A, Wannet WJ, de Neeling AJ (2006) Community-acquired MRSA and pig-farming. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 5:26

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Grisold AJ, Leitner E, Mühlbauer G, Marth E, Kessler HH (2002) Detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and simultaneous confirmation by automated nucleic acid extraction and real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol 40:2392–2397

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Faria NA, Carrico JA, Oliveira DC, Ramirez M, de Lencastre H (2008) Analysis of ty** methods for epidemiological surveillance of both methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus strains. J Clin Microbiol 46:136–144

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Lindsay JA, Sung JM (2010) The RM test for determining methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus lineages. Methods Mol Biol 642:3–11

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Enright MC, Day NP, Davies CE, Peacock SJ, Spratt BG (2000) Multilocus sequence ty** for characterization of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible clones of Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol 38:1008–1015

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Feil EJ, Li BC, Aanensen DM, Hanage WP, Spratt BG (2004) eBURST: inferring patterns of evolutionary descent among clusters of related bacterial genotypes from multilocus sequence ty** data. J Bacteriol 186:1518–1530

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Waldron DE, Lindsay JA (2006) Sau1: a novel lineage-specific Type I Restriction-Modification system that blocks horizontal gene transfer into Staphylococcus aureus, and between S. aureus isolates of different lineages. J Bacteriol 188:5578–5585

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Frénay HM, Bunschoten AE, Schouls LM, van Leeuwen WJ, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM, Verhoef J, Mooi FR (1996) Molecular ty** of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on the basis of protein A gene polymorphism. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 15:60–64

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Shopsin B, Gomez M, Montgomery SO, Smith DH, Waddington M, Dodge DE, Bost DA, Riehman M, Naidich S, Kreiswirth BN (1999) Evaluation of protein A gene polymorphic region DNA sequencing for ty** of Staphylococcus aureus strains. J Clin Microbiol 37:3556–3563

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Harmsen D, Claus H, Witte W, Rothganger J, Claus H, Turnwald D, Vogel U (2003) Ty** of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a university hospital setting by using novel software for spa repeat determination and database management. J Clin Microbiol 41:5442–5448

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Mellmann A, Weniger T, Berssenbrügge C, Rothgänger J, Sammeth M, Stoye J, Harmsen D (2007) Based Upon Repeat Pattern (BURP): an algorithm to characterize the long-term evolution of Staphylococcus aureus populations based on spa polymorphisms. BMC Microbiol 7:98

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Hallin M, Deplano A, Denis O, De Mendonça R, De Ryck R, Struelens MJ (2007) Validation of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and spa ty** for long-term, nationwide epidemiological surveillance studies of Staphylococcus aureus infections. J Clin Microbiol 45:127–133

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Mellmann A, Weniger T, Berssenbrügge C, Keckevoet U, Friedrich AW, Harmsen D, Grundmann H (2008) Characterization of clonal relatedness among the natural population of Staphylococcus aureus strains by using spa sequence ty** and the BURP (based upon repeat patterns) algorithm. J Clin Microbiol 46:2805–2808

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Gill SR, Fouts DE, Archer GL, Mongodin EF, Deboy RT, Ravel J, Paulsen IT, Kolonay JF, Brinkac L, Beanan M, Dodson RJ, Daugherty SC, Madupu R, Angiuoli SV, Durkin AS, Haft DH, Vamathevan J, Khouri H, Utterback T, Lee C, Dimitrov G, Jiang L, Qin H, Weidman J, Tran K, Kang K, Hance IR, Nelson KE, Fraser CM (2005) Insights on evolution of virulence and resistance from the complete genome analysis of an early methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain and a biofilm-producing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis strain. J Bacteriol 187:2426–2438

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Strommenger B, Braulke C, Heuck D, Schmidt C, Pasemann B, Nübel U, Witte W (2008) spa Ty** of Staphylococcus aureus as a frontline tool in epidemiological ty**. J Clin Microbiol 46:574–581

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Holden MTG, Lindsay JA (2008) Whole genomes: sequence, microarray and systems biology. In: Lindsay JA (ed) Staphylococcus: Molecular Genetics. Caister Academic Press, UK

    Google Scholar 

  55. Witney AA, Marsden GL, Holden MTG, Stabler RA, Husain SE, Vass JK, Butcher PD, Hinds J, Lindsay JA (2005) Design, validation and application of a seven-strain Staphylococcus aureus PCR product microarray for comparative genomics. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:7504–7514

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Cassat JE, Dunman PM, McAleese F, Murphy E, Projan SJ, Smeltzer MS (2005) Comparative genomics of Staphylococcus aureus musculoskeletal isolates. J Bacteriol 187:576–592

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Tang CT, Nguyen DT, Ngo TH, Nguyen TM, Le VT, To SD, Lindsay J, Nguyen TD, Bach VC, Le QT, Le TH, Le DL, Campbell J, Nguyen TK, Nguyen VV, Cockfield J, Le TG, Phan VN, Le HS, Huynh TS, Le VP, Counahan M, Bentsi-Enchill A, Brown R, Simmerman J, Nguyen TC, Tran TH, Farrar J, Schultsz C (2007) An outbreak of severe infections with community-acquired MRSA carrying the Panton-Valentine leukocidin following vaccination. PLoS One 2:e822

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Vautor E, Cockfield J, Le Marechal C, Le Loir Y, Chevalier M, Robinson DA, Thiery R, Lindsay J (2009) Difference in virulence between Staphylococcus aureus isolates causing gangrenous mastitis versus subclinical mastitis in a dairy sheep flock. Vet Res 40:56

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Stegger M, Lindsay JA, Sørum M, Gould KA, Skov R (2010) Genetic diversity in CC398 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates of different geographical origin. Clin Microbiol Infect 16(7):1017–1019

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Larsen AR, Goering R, Stegger M, Lindsay JA, Gould KA, Hinds J, Sørum M, Westh H, Boye K, Skov R (2009) Two distinct clones of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with the same USA300 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profile: a potential pitfall for identification of USA300 community-associated MRSA. J Clin Microbiol 47:3765–3768

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Saunders NA, Underwood A, Kearns AM, Hallas G (2004) A virulence-associated gene microarray: a tool for investigation of the evolution and pathogenic potential of Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiology 150:3763–3771

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Dunman PM, Mounts W, McAleese F, Immermann F, Macapagal D, Marsilio E, McDougal L, Tenover FC, Bradford PA, Petersen PJ, Projan SJ, Murphy E (2004) Uses of Staphylococcus aureus GeneChips in genoty** and genetic composition analysis. J Clin Microbiol 42:4275–4283

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Monecke S, Ehricht R (2005) Rapid genoty** of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates using miniaturised oligonucleotide arrays. Clin Microbiol Infect 11:825–833

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Strommenger B, Schmidt C, Werner G, Roessle-Lorch B, Bachmann TT, Witte W (2007) DNA microarray for the detection of therapeutically relevant antibiotic resistance determinants in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Mol Cell Probes 21:161–170

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Zhu LX, Zhang ZW, Wang C, Yang HW, Jiang D, Zhang Q, Mitchelson K, Cheng J (2007) Use of a DNA microarray for simultaneous detection of antibiotic resistance genes among staphylococcal clinical isolates. J Clin Microbiol 45:3514–3521

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Otsuka J, Kondoh Y, Amemiya T, Kitamura A, Ito T, Baba S, Cui L, Hiramatsu K, Tashiro T, Tashiro H (2008) Development and validation of microarray-based assay for epidemiological study of MRSA. Mol Cell Probes 22:1–13

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Spence RP, Wright V, Ala-Aldeen DA, Turner DP, Wooldridge KG, James R (2008) Validation of virulence and epidemiology DNA microarray for identification and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates. J Clin Microbiol 46:1620–1627

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. El Garch F, Hallin M, De Mendonça R, Denis O, Lefort A, Struelens MJ (2009) StaphVar-DNA microarray analysis of accessory genome elements of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother 63:877–885

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Vautor E, Magnone V, Rios G, Le Brigand K, Bergonier D, Lina G, Meugnier H, Barbry P, Thiéry R, Pépin M (2009) Genetic differences among Staphylococcus aureus isolates from dairy ruminant species: a single-dye DNA microarray approach. Vet Microbiol 133:105–114

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Coombs GW, Monecke S, Ehricht R, Slickers P, Pearson JC, Tan HL, Christiansen KJ, O’Brien FG (2010) Differentiation of clonal complex 59 community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Western Australia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54:1914–1921

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Monecke S, Slickers P, Ehricht R (2008) Assignment of Staphylococcus aureus isolates to clonal complexes based on microarray analysis and pattern recognition. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 53:237–251

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. McCarthy AJ, Lindsay JA (2010) Genetic variation in Staphylococcus aureus surface and immune evasion genes is lineage associated: implications for vaccine design and host-pathogen interactions. BMC Microbiol 10:173

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Sung JM-L, Lindsay JA (2007) Staphylococcus aureus that are hyper-susceptible to resistance gene transfer from enterococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51:2189–2191

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Feil EJ, Nickerson EK, Chantratita N, Wuthiekanun V, Srisomang P, Cousins R, Pan W, Zhang G, Xu B, Day NP, Peacock SJ (2008) Rapid detection of the pandemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clone ST 239, a dominant strain in Asian hospitals. J Clin Microbiol 46:1520–1522

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Stegger M, Lindsay JA, Moodley A, Skov R, Broens EM, Guardabassi L (2011) Rapid PCR detection of Staphylococcus aureus clonal complex 398 by targeting the restriction-modification system carrying sau1-hsdS1. J Clin Microbiol 49:732–734

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Bannerman TL, Hancock GA, Tenover FC, Miller JM (1995) Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis as a replacement for bacteriophage ty** of Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol 33:551–555

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. McDougal LK, Steward CD, Killgore GE, Chaitram JM, McAllister SK, Tenover FC (2003) Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis ty** of oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from the United States: establishing a national database. J Clin Microbiol 41:5113–5120

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Cookson BD, Robinson DA, Monk AB, Murchan S, Deplano A, de Ryck R, Struelens MJ, Scheel C, Fussing V, Salmenlinna S, Vuopio-Varkila J, Cuny C, Witte W, Tassios PT, Legakis NJ, van Leeuwen W, van Belkum A, Vindel A, Garaizar J, Haeggman S, Olsson-Liljequist B, Ransjo U, Muller-Premru M, Hryniewicz W, Rossney A, O’Connell B, Short BD, Thomas J, O’Hanlon S, Enright MC (2007) Evaluation of molecular ty** methods in characterizing a European collection of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains: the HARMONY collection. J Clin Microbiol 45:1830–1837

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Williams REO, Rippon JE (1952) Bacteriophage ty** of Staphylococcus aureus. J Hyg (Lond) 50:320–353

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. O’Neill GL, Murchan S, Gil-Setas A, Aucken HM (2001) Identification and characterization of phage variants of a strain of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (EMRSA-15). J Clin Microbiol 39:1540–1548

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Murchan S, Aucken HM, O’Neill GL, Ganner M, Cookson BD (2004) Emergence, spread, and characterization of phage variants of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 16 in England and Wales. J Clin Microbiol 42:5154–5160

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Sabat A, Krzyszton-Russjan J, Strzalka W, Filipek R, Kosowska K, Hryniewicz W, Travis J, Potempa J (2003) New method for ty** Staphylococcus aureus strains: multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis of polymorphism and genetic relationships of clinical isolates. J Clin Microbiol 41:1801–1804

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Malachowa N, Sabat A, Gniadkowski M, Krzyszton-Russjan J, Empel J, Miedzobrodzki J, Kosowska-Shick K, Appelbaum PC, Hryniewicz W (2005) Comparison of multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, spa ty**, and multilocus sequence ty** for clonal characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates. J Clin Microbiol 43:3095–3100

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Tenover FC, Vaughn RR, McDougal LK, Fosheim GE, McGowan JE Jr (2007) Multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat assay analysis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. J Clin Microbiol 45:2215–2219

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Melles DC, van Leeuwen WB, Snijders SV, Horst-Kreft D, Peeters JK, Verbrugh HA, van Belkum A (2007) Comparison of multilocus sequence ty** (MLST), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) for genetic ty** of Staphylococcus aureus. J Microbiol Methods 69:371–375

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Hardy KJ, Ussery DW, Oppenheim BA, Hawkey PM (2004) Distribution and characterization of staphylococcal interspersed repeat units (SIRUs) and potential use for strain differentiation. Microbiology 150:4045–4052

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Hall TA, Sampath R, Blyn LB, Ranken R, Ivy C, Melton R, Matthews H, White N, Li F, Harpin V, Ecker DJ, McDougal LK, Limbago B, Ross T, Wolk DM, Wysocki V, Carroll KC (2009) Rapid molecular genoty** and clonal complex assignment of Staphylococcus aureus isolates by PCR coupled to electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. J Clin Microbiol 47:1733–1741

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Gilot P, Lina G, Cochard T, Poutrel B (2002) Analysis of the genetic variability of genes encoding the RNA III-activating components Agric and TRAP in a population of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from cows with mastitis. J Clin Microbiol 40:4060–4067

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Moore PCL, Lindsay JA (2002) Molecular characterisation of the dominant UK methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains, EMRSA-15 and EMRSA-16. J Med Microbiol 51:516–521

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Holden MTG, Feil EJ, Lindsay JA, Day NPJ, Enright MC, Foster TJ, Moore CE, Peacock SJ, Hurst L, Atkin R, Barron A, Bason N, Bentley SD, Chillingworth C, Chillingworth T, Churcher C, Clark L, Corton C, Cronin A, Doggett J, Dowd L, Feltwell T, Hance Z, Harris B, Hauser H, Holroyd S, Jagels K, James KD, Lennard N, Line A, Mayes R, Moule S, Mungall K, Ormond D, Quail MA, Rabbinowitsch E, Rutherford K, Sanders M, Sharp S, Simmonds M, Stevens K, Whitehead S, Barrell BG, Spratt BG, Parkhill J (2004) Complete genomes of two clinical Staphylococcus aureus strains: evidence for the rapid evolution of virulence and drug resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:9786–9791

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Kondo Y, Ito T, Ma XX, Watanabe S, Kreiswirth BN, Etienne J, Hiramatsu K (2007) Combination of multiplex PCRs for staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type assignment: rapid identification system for mec, ccr, and major differences in junkyard regions. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51:264–274

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Chen L, Mediavilla JR, Oliveira DC, Willey BM, de Lencastre H, Kreiswirth BN (2009) Multiplex Real-Time PCR for rapid Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec Ty**. J Clin Microbiol 47:3692–3706

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Monecke S, Ehricht R, Slickers P, Wiese N, Jonas D (2009) Intra-strain variability of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains ST228-MRSA-I and ST5-MRSA-II. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 28:1383–1390

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Raulin O, Durand G, Gillet Y, Bes M, Lina G, Vandenesch F, Floret D, Etienne J, Laurent F (2010) Toxin profiling of Staphylococcus aureus strains involved in varicella superinfection. J Clin Microbiol 48:1696–1700

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Tristan A, Bes M, Meugnier H, Lina G, Bozdogan B, Courvalin P, Reverdy ME, Enright MC, Vandenesch F, Etienne J (2007) Global distribution of Panton-Valentine leukocidin–positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 2006. Emerg Infect Dis 13:594–600

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Voyich JM, Otto M, Mathema B, Braughton KR, Whitney AR, Welty D, Long RD, Dorward DW, Gardner DJ, Lina G, Kreiswirth BN, DeLeo FR (2006) Is Panton-Valentine leukocidin the major virulence determinant in community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease? J Infect Dis 194:1761–1770

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Lindsay JA (2011) The Staphylococci. In: Zhang W, Wiedmann M (ed) Genomics of foodborne pathogens, Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  98. Nakaminami H, Noguchi N, Ikeda M, Hasui M, Sato M, Yamamoto S, Yoshida T, Asano T, Senoue M, Sasatsu M (2008) Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibilities of 273 exfoliative toxin-encoding-gene-positive Staphylococcus aureus isolates from patients with impetigo in Japan. J Med Microbiol 57:1251–1258

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Miragaia M, Carriço JA, Thomas JC, Couto I, Enright MC, de Lencastre H (2008) Comparison of molecular ty** methods for characterization of Staphylococcus epidermidis: proposal for clone definition. J Clin Microbiol 46:118–129

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Wisplinghoff H, Rosato AE, Enright MC, Noto M, Craig W, Archer GL (2003) Related clones containing SCCmec type IV predominate among clinically significant Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:3574–3579

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Ziebuhr W, Hennig S, Eckart M, Kränzler H, Batzilla C, Kozitskaya S (2006) Nosocomial infections by Staphylococcus epidermidis: how a commensal bacterium turns into a pathogen. Int J Antimicrob Agents 28(Suppl 1):S14–S20

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Perreten V, Kadlec K, Schwarz S, Grönlund Andersson U, Finn M, Greko C, Moodley A, Kania SA, Frank LA, Bemis DA, Franco A, Iurescia M, Battisti A, Duim B, Wagenaar JA, van Duijkeren E, Weese JS, Fitzgerald JR, Rossano A, Guardabassi L (2010) Clonal spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in Europe and North America: an international multicentre study. J Antimicrob Chemother 65:1145–1154

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Cleven BE, Palka-Santini M, Gielen J, Meembor S, Krönke M, Krut O (2006) Identification and characterization of bacterial pathogens causing bloodstream infections by DNA microarray. J Clin Microbiol 44:2389–2397

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Wiesinger-Mayr H, Vierlinger K, Pichler R, Kriegner A, Hirschl AM, Presterl E, Bodrossy L, Noehammer C (2007) Identification of human pathogens isolated from blood using microarray hybridisation and signal pattern recognition. BMC Microbiol 7:78

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Kurt K, Alderborn A, Nilsson M, Strommenger B, Witte W, Nübel U (2009) Multiplexed genoty** of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates by use of padlock probes and tag microarrays. J Clin Microbiol 47:577–585

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Tissari P, Zumla A, Tarkka E, Mero S, Savolainen L, Vaara M, Aittakorpi A, Laakso S, Lindfors M, Piiparinen H, Mäki M, Carder C, Huggett J, Gant V (2010) Accurate and rapid identification of bacterial species from positive blood cultures with a DNA-based microarray platform: an observational study. Lancet 375:224–230

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Infection and Immunity, Division of Clinical Sciences, University of London, St George’s, London, UK

    Jodi A. Lindsay

Authors
  1. Jodi A. Lindsay
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jodi A. Lindsay .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto Nacional de Controle de, Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Ivano de Filippis

  2. Microbiology, BioReliance Corporation, Broschart Road 14920, Rockville, 20850, Maryland, USA

    Marian L. McKee

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lindsay, J.A. (2013). Staphylococci. In: de Filippis, I., McKee, M. (eds) Molecular Ty** in Bacterial Infections. Infectious Disease. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-185-1_23

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-185-1_23

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-62703-184-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-62703-185-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation