Abstract
The historical classification of human rhinoviruses (RV) by seroty** has been replaced by a logical system of comparative sequencing. Given that strains must diverge within their capsid sequenced by a reasonable degree (>12–13 % pairwise base identities) before becoming immunologically distinct, the new nomenclature system makes allowances for the addition of new, future types, without compromising historical designations. Currently, three species, the RV-A, RV-B, and RV-C, are recognized. Of these, the RV-C, discovered in 2006, are the most unusual in terms of capsid structure, receptor use, and association with severe disease in children.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Stanway G, Hughes PJ, Mountford R et al (1984) The complete nucleotide sequence of a common cold virus: human rhinovirus 14. Nucleic Acids Res 12:7859–7875
Erickson JW, Frankenberger EA, Rossmann MG et al (1983) Crystallization of a common cold virus, human rhinovirus 14: isomorphism with poliovirus crystals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 80:931–934
Kitamura N, Semler BL, Rothberg PG et al (1981) Primary structure, gene organization and polypeptide expression of poliovirus RNA. Nature 291:547–553
Racaniello VR, Baltimore D (1981) Molecular cloning of poliovirus cDNA and determination of the complete nucleotide sequence of the viral genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 78:4887–4891
Carstens EB, Ball LA (2009) Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2008). Arch Virol 154:1181–1188
Savolainen C, Blomqvist S, Mulders MN et al (2002) Genetic clustering of all 102 human rhinovirus prototype strains: serotype 87 is close to human enterovirus 70. J Gen Virol 83:333–340
Palmenberg AC, Rathe J, Liggett S (2010) Analysis of the complete genome sequences of human rhinovirus. J Allergy Clin Immunol 125:1190–1199
McIntyre CL, Knowles NJ, Simmonds P (2013) Proposals for the classification of human rhinovirus species A, B and C into genotypically assigned types. J Gen Virol 94:1791–1806
Rathe JA, Liu X, Tallon LJ et al (2010) Full-genome sequence and analysis of a novel human rhinovirus strain within a divergent HRV-A clade. Arch Virol 155:83–87
Palmenberg AC, Spiro D, Kuzmickas R et al (2009) Sequencing and analysis of all known human rhinovirus genomes reveals structure and evolution. Science 324:55–59
Bochkov YA, Palmenberg AC, Lee W-M et al (2011) Molecular modeling, organ culture and reverse genetics for a newly identified human rhinovirus C. Nat Med 17:627–632
Andries K, Dewindt B, Snoeks J et al (1990) Two groups of rhinoviruses revealed by a panel of antiviral compounds present sequence divergence and differential pathogenicity. J Virol 64:1117–1123
Dominguez SR, Briese T, Palacios G et al (2008) Multiplex MassTag PCR for respiratory pathogens in pediatric nasopharyngeal washes by conventional diagnostic testing shows a high prevalence of viruses belonging to a newly recognized rhinovirus clade. J Clin Virol 43:219–222
Simmonds P, McIntyre C, Savolainen-Kopra C et al (2010) Proposals for the classification of human rhinovirus species C into genotypically assigned types. J Gen Virol 91:2409–2419
Ashraf S, Brockman-Schneider R, Bochkov YA et al (2013) Biological characteristics and propagation of human rhinovirus-C in differentiated sinus epithelial cells. Virology 436:143–149
Hao W, Bernard K, Patel N et al (2012) Infection and propagation of human rhinovirus C in human airway epithelial cells. J Virol 86:24–32
Basta HA, Sgro J-Y, Palmenberg AC (2013) Modeling of the human rhinovirus C capsid suggests a novel topology with insights on receptor preference and immunogenicity. Virology 448:176–184
Basta HA, Ashraf S, Bochkov YA et al (2013) Modeling of the human rhinovirus C capsid and antiviral drug resistance. Virology 448:82–90
Vlasak M, Roivainen M, Reithmayer M et al (2005) The minor receptor group of human rhinovirus (HRV) includes HRV23 and HRV25, but the presence of a lysine in the VP1 H1 loop is not sufficient for receptor binding. J Virol 79:7389–7395
Jackson RJ (1996) Initiation site selection mechanisms. In: Hershey JWB, Mathews MB, Sonenberg N (eds) Translational control. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, NY, pp 71–112
Steil BP, Barton DJ (2009) Cis-active RNA elements (CREs) and picornavirus RNA replication. Virus Res 139:240–252
Cordey S, Gerlach D, Junier T et al (2008) The cis-acting replication elements define human enterovirus and rhinovirus species. RNA 14:1568–1578
Ledford RM, Patel NR, Demenczuk TM et al (2004) VP1 sequencing of all human rhinovirus serotypes: insights into genus phylogeny and susceptibility to antiviral capsid-binding compounds. J Virol 78:3663–3674
Huang T, Wang W, Bessaud M et al (2009) Evidence of recombination and genetic diversity in human rhinoviruses in children with acute respiratory infection. PLoS One 4:e6355
McIntyre CL, McWilliam Leitch EC, Savolainen-Kopra C et al (2010) Analysis of genetic diversity and sites of recombination in human rhinovirus species C. J Virol 84:10297–10310
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by NIH grant U19 AI104317. The authors thank Wolters Kluwer, publishers of Field’s Virology (2013), for permission to include certain text and figures from Ch 18, “Rhinoviruses” by the same authors.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Palmenberg, A.C., Gern, J.E. (2015). Classification and Evolution of Human Rhinoviruses. In: Jans, D., Ghildyal, R. (eds) Rhinoviruses. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1221. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1571-2_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1571-2_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-1570-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-1571-2
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols