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Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Studies in Bipolar Disorder Patients: Focus on the Potential Role of Oxidative Stress

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Studies on Psychiatric Disorders

Abstract

Neuronal oxidative stress has been proposed as a potential mechanism involved in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD), exerting detrimental effects on structural plasticity and neuroresilience. In particular, the over-regulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission and an excessive extracellular glutamate, acting as pro-oxidant factors leading to cellular toxicity and death, may in part sustain neuronal damage. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that oxidative stress is strictly and reciprocally associated to cellular mitochondrial functioning, ultimately resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular energetic impairment in BD. In this chapter, we will revise magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) studies exploring glutamate neurotransmission and specific neural energetic markers in BD and will debate the findings in relation to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.

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Abbreviations

ACC:

Anterior cingulated cortex

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

BD:

Bipolar disorder

CAT:

Catalase

Cho:

Choline

CK:

Creatine kinase

Cr:

Creatine

DLPFC:

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

ETC:

Electron transport chain

GABA:

Gamma aminobutyric acid

Gln:

Glutamine

Glu:

Glutamate

GPC:

Glycerophosphocholine

GPx:

Glutathione peroxidase

GSH:

Glutathione

MRS:

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy

NAA:

N-acetyl-aspartate

NADPH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NMDA:

N-methyl-D-aspartate

NO:

Nitric oxide

ONOO− :

Peroxynitrite

PCh:

Phosphocholine

PCr:

Phosphocreatine

PME:

Phosphomonoester

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Acknowledgements

Dr. Brambilla was partially funded by grants from the Ministry of Health (GR-2010-2319022) and the IRCCS “E. Medea” (Ricerca Corrente 2012-2014).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Inter-University Center for Behavioural Neurosciences (ICBN), University of Verona, Verona, Italy

    Nicola Dusi M.D., Ph.D.

  2. Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine (DISM), Inter-University Center for Behavioural Neurosciences (ICBN), University of Udine, Udine, Italy

    Filippo Cecchetto M.D.

  3. Department of Experimental and Clinical Medical Sciences (DISM), Inter-University Center for Behavioural Neurosciences (ICBN), University of Udine, Udine, Italy

    Paolo Brambilla M.D., Ph.D.

  4. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA

    Paolo Brambilla M.D., Ph.D.

  5. IRCCS “E. Medea” Scientific Institute, UDGEE, Udine, Italy

    Paolo Brambilla M.D., Ph.D.

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  1. Nicola Dusi M.D., Ph.D.
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  2. Filippo Cecchetto M.D.
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  3. Paolo Brambilla M.D., Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Paolo Brambilla M.D., Ph.D. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Psychiatry of the Chair of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland

    Anna Dietrich-Muszalska

  2. Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research, Staten Island, New York, USA

    Ved Chauhan

  3. Departments of Psychiatry and Physiology & Biophysics, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada

    Sylvain Grignon

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Dusi, N., Cecchetto, F., Brambilla, P. (2015). Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Studies in Bipolar Disorder Patients: Focus on the Potential Role of Oxidative Stress. In: Dietrich-Muszalska, A., Chauhan, V., Grignon, S. (eds) Studies on Psychiatric Disorders. Oxidative Stress in Applied Basic Research and Clinical Practice. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0440-2_9

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