Abstract
Intracranial meningiomas present a variety of management challenges due to their indolent growth when WHO I, their uncertain behavior when WHO II, and their lack of response of any form of therapy when WHO III. Additionally, there is no effective chemotherapy for those with malignant and recurrent behavior. Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS) and Stereotactic Radiotherapy (SRT) came to aid the treatment of meningiomas, avoiding the side effects of conventional radiation therapy and allowing for escalation of radiation dose. Outstanding tumor control rate has been achieved when using these techniques as primary or adjuvant treatment. As a result it has allowed partial resections for function preservation, since the control rate of residual meningioma treated with SRS or SRT is similar to what can be achieved by complete resection.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bondy M, Ligon BL. Epidemiology and etiology of intracranial meningiomas: a review. J Neurooncol. 1996;29:197–205.
Rohringer M, Sutherland GR, Louw DF, et al. Incidence and clinicopathological features of meningioma. J Neurosurg. 1989;71: 665–72.
Jaaskelainen J, Haltia M, Servo A. Atypical and anaplastic meningiomas: radiology, surgery, radiotherapy, and outcome. Surg Neurol. 1986;25:233–42.
Mahmood A, Caccamo DV, Tomecek FJ, et al. Atypical and malignant meningiomas: a clinicopathological review. Neurosurgery. 1993;33:955–63.
Palma L, Celli P, Franco C, et al. Long-term prognosis for atypical and malignant meningiomas: a study of 71 surgical cases. J Neurosurg. 1997;86:793–800.
Perry A, Scheithauer BW, Stafford SL, et al. “Malignancy” in meningiomas: a clinicopathologic study of 116 patients, with grading implications. Cancer. 1999;85:2046–56.
Drummond KJ, Zhu JJ, Black PM. Meningiomas: updating basic science, management, and outcome. Neurologist. 2004;10:113–30.
Kleihues P, Louis DN, Scheithauer BW, et al. The WHO classification of tumors of the nervous system. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2002;61:215–25. discussion 226–219.
Hug EB, Devries A, Thornton AF, et al. Management of atypical and malignant meningiomas: role of high-dose, 3D-conformal radiation therapy. J Neurooncol. 2000;48:151–60.
Pourel N, Auque J, Bracard S, et al. Efficacy of external fractionated radiation therapyin the treatment of meningiomas: a 20-year experience. Radiother Oncol. 2001;61:65–70.
Ikeda H, Yoshimoto T. Immunohistochemical study of anaplastic meningioma with special reference to the phenotypic change of intermediate filament protein. Ann Diagn Pathol. 2003;7:214–22.
al-Mefty O, Kadri PA, Pravdenkova S, et al. Malignant progression in meningioma: documentation of a series and analysis of cytogenetic findings. J Neurosurg. 2004;101:210–8.
Simpson D. The recurrence of intracranial meningiomas after surgical treatment. J Neurochem. 1957;20:22–39.
Adegbite AB, Khan MI, Paine KW, et al. The recurrence of intracranial meningiomas after surgical treatment. J Neurosurg. 1983;58:51–6.
Marks LB, Spencer DP. The influence of volume on the tolerance of the brain to radiosurgery. J Neurosurg. 1991;75:177–80.
Mirimanoff RO, Dosoretz DE, Linggood RM, et al. Meningioma: analysis of recurrence and progression following neurosurgical resection. J Neurosurg. 1985;62:18–24.
Sekhar LN, Patel S, Cusimano M, et al. Surgical treatment of meningiomas involving the cavernous sinus: evolving ideas based on a ten year experience. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 1996;65:58–62.
Sen C, Hague K. Meningiomas involving the cavernous sinus: histological factors affecting the degree of resection. J Neurosurg. 1997;87:535–43.
Sindou MP, Alaywan M. Most intracranial meningiomas are not cleavable tumors: anatomic-surgical evidence and angiographic predictibility. Neurosurgery. 1998;42:476–80.
al-Mefty O, Ayoubi S, Smith RR. The petrosal approach: indications, technique, and results. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien). 1991;53:166–70.
Bricolo AP, Turazzi S, Talacchi A, et al. Microsurgical removal of petroclival meningiomas: a report of 33 patients. Neurosurgery. 1992;31:813–28. discussion 828.
Couldwell WT, Fukushima T, Giannotta SL, et al. Petroclival meningiomas: surgical experience in 109 cases. J Neurosurg. 1996;84:20–8.
DeMonte F, Smith HK, al-Mefty O. Outcome of aggressive removal of cavernous sinus meningiomas. J Neurosurg. 1994;81:245–51.
O’Sullivan MG, van Loveren HR, Tew Jr JM. The surgical resectability of meningiomas of the cavernous sinus. Neurosurgery. 1997;40:238–44. discussion 245–237.
Sekhar LN, Swamy NK, Jaiswal V, et al. Surgical excision of meningiomas involving the clivus: preoperative and intraoperative features as predictors of postoperative functional deterioration. J Neurosurg. 1994;81:860–8.
De Jesus O, Sekhar LN, Parikh HK, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with meningiomas involving the cavernous sinus: recurrence, progression, and quality of life. Neurosurgery. 1996;39: 915–9. discussion 919–920.
Little KM, Friedman AH, Sampson JH, et al. Surgical management of petroclival meningiomas: defining resection goals based on risk of neurological morbidity and tumor recurrence rates in 137 patients. Neurosurgery. 2005;56:546–59. discussion 546–559.
Nanda A, Jawahar A, Sathyanarayana S. Microsurgery for potential radiosurgical skull base lesions: a retrospective analysis and comparison of results. Skull Base. 2003;13:131–8.
Soyuer S, Chang EL, Selek U, et al. Radiotherapy after surgery for benign cerebral meningioma. Radiother Oncol. 2004;71:85–90.
Taylor Jr BW, Marcus Jr RB, Friedman WA, et al. The meningioma controversy: postoperative radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1988;15:299–304.
Barbaro NM, Gutin PH, Wilson CB, et al. Radiation therapy in the treatment of partially resected meningiomas. Neurosurgery. 1987;20:525–8.
Glaholm J, Bloom HJ, Crow JH. The role of radiotherapy in the management of intracranial meningiomas: the Royal Marsden Hospital experience with 186 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1990;18:755–61.
Goldsmith BJ, Wara WM, Wilson CB, et al. Postoperative irradiation for subtotally resected meningiomas. A retrospective analysis of 140 patients treated from 1967 to 1990. J Neurosurg. 1994;80:195–201.
Wilson CB. Cavernous sinus meningiomas. Surg Neurol. 1996;46:191–2.
Nutting C, Brada M, Brazil L, et al. Radiotherapy in the treatment of benign meningioma of the skull base. J Neurosurg. 1999;90:823–7.
Milosevic MF, Frost PJ, Laperriere NJ, et al. Radiotherapy for atypical or malignant intracranial meningioma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996;34:817–22.
Dziuk TW, Woo S, Butler EB, et al. Malignant meningioma: an indication for initial aggressive surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy. J Neurooncol. 1998;37:177–88.
Ware ML, Larson DA, Sneed PK, et al. Surgical resection and permanent brachytherapy for recurrent atypical and malignant meningioma. Neurosurgery. 2004;54:55–63. discussion 63–54.
al-Mefty O, Kersh JE, Routh A, et al. The long-term side effects of radiation therapy for benign brain tumors in adults. J Neurosurg. 1990;73:502–12.
Crossen JR, Garwood D, Glatstein E, et al. Neurobehavioral sequelae of cranial irradiation in adults: a review of radiation-induced encephalopathy. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12:627–42.
Torres RC, Frighetto L, De Salles AA, et al. Radiosurgery and stereotactic radiotherapy for intracranial meningiomas. Neurosurg Focus. 2003;14:e5.
Torres RC, De Salles AA, Frighetto L, et al. Long-term follow-up using linac radiosurgery and stereotactic radiotherapy as a minimally invasive treatment for intracranial meningiomas. Radiosurgery. 2004;5:115–23.
De Salles AA, Frighetto L, Grande CV, et al. Radiosurgery and stereotactic radiation therapy of skull base meningiomas: proposal of a grading system. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2001;76:218–29.
Selch MT, Ahn E, Laskari A, et al. Stereotactic radiotherapy for treatment of cavernous sinus meningiomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;59:101–11.
Kondziolka D, Lunsford LD. Radiosurgery of meningiomas. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 1992;3:219–30.
Hakim R, Alexander 3rd E, Loeffler JS, et al. Results of linear accelerator-based radiosurgery for intracranial meningiomas. Neurosurgery. 1998;42:446–53. discussion 453–444.
Shafron DH, Friedman WA, Buatti JM, et al. Linac radiosurgery for benign meningiomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;43:321–7.
Spiegelmann R, Nissim O, Menhel J, et al. Linear accelerator radiosurgery for meningiomas in and around the cavernous sinus. Neurosurgery. 2002;51:1373–9. discussion 1379–1380.
Iwai Y, Yamanaka K, Ishiguro T. Gamma knife radiosurgery for the treatment of cavernous sinus meningiomas. Neurosurgery. 2003;2:517–24. discussion 523–514.
Kobayashi T, Kida Y, Mori Y. Long-term results of stereotactic gamma radiosurgery of meningiomas. Surg Neurol. 2001;55:325–31.
Kondziolka D, Levy EI, Niranjan A, et al. Long-term outcomes after meningioma radiosurgery: physician and patient perspectives. J Neurosurg. 1999;91:44–50.
Kondziolka D, Nathoo N, Flickinger JC, et al. Long-term results after radiosurgery for benign intracranial tumors. Neurosurgery. 2003;53:815–21. discussion 821–812.
Leksell L. Stereotactic radiosurgery. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1983;46:797–803.
Stafford SL, Pollock BE, Foote RL, et al. Meningioma radiosurgery: tumor control, outcomes, and complications among 190 consecutive patients. Neurosurgery. 2001;49:1029–37. discussion 1037–1028.
Vernimmen FJ, Harris JK, Wilson JA, et al. Stereotactic proton beam therapy of skull base meningiomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;49:99–105.
Nicolato A, Foroni R, Alessandrini F, et al. The role of Gamma Knife radiosurgery in the management of cavernous sinus meningiomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;53:992–1000.
Subach BR, Lunsford LD, Kondziolka D, et al. Management of petroclival meningiomas by stereotactic radiosurgery. Neurosurgery. 1998;42:437–43. discussion 443–435.
Pendl G, Schrottner O, Eustacchio S, et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery of skull base meningiomas. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 1997;40:87–90.
Liscak R, Simonova G, Vymazal J, et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery of meningiomas in the cavernous sinus region. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1999;141:473–80.
Nedzi LA, Kooy H, Alexander 3rd E, et al. Variables associated with the development of complications from radiosurgery of intracranial tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1991;21:591–9.
Chang JH, Chang JW, Choi JY, et al. Complications after gamma knife radiosurgery for benign meningiomas. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74:226–30.
Valentino V, Schinaia G, Raimondi AJ. The results of radiosurgical management of 72 middle fossa meningiomas. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1993;122:60–70.
DiBiase SJ, Kwok Y, Yovino S, et al. Factors predicting local tumor control after gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery for benign intracranial meningiomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;60:1515–9.
Pollock BE, Stafford SL, Utter A, et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery provides equivalent tumor control to Simpson grade 1 resection for patients with small- to medium-size meningiomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;55:1000–5.
Flickinger JC, Kondziolka D, Maitz AH, et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery of imaging-diagnosed intracranial meningioma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;56:801–6.
Nakatomi H, Sasaki T, Kawamoto S, et al. Primary cavernous sinus malignant lymphoma treated by gamma knife radiosurgery: case report and review of the literature. Surg Neurol. 1996;46:272–8. discussion 278–279.
Kim DG, Kim Ch H, Chung HT, et al. Gamma Knife surgery of superficially located meningioma. J Neurosurg. 2005;102(Suppl): 255–8.
Kotapka MJ, Kalia KK, Martinez AJ, et al. Infiltration of the carotid artery by cavernous sinus meningioma. J Neurosurg. 1994;81:252–5.
Larson JJ, van Loveren HR, Balko MG, et al. Evidence of meningioma infiltration into cranial nerves: clinical implications for cavernous sinus meningiomas. J Neurosurg. 1995;83:596–9.
Zentner J, Meyer B, Vieweg U, et al. Petroclival meningiomas: is radical resection always the best option? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997;62:341–5.
Liscak R, Kollova A, Vladyka V, et al. Gamma Knife radiosurgery of skull base meningiomas. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2004;91: 65–74.
Chuang CC, Chang CN, Tsang NM, et al. Linear accelerator-based radiosurgery in the management of skull base meningiomas. J Neurooncol. 2004;66:241–9.
Roche PH, Pellet W, Fuentes S, et al. Gamma Knife radiosurgical management of petroclival meningiomas results and indications. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2003;145:883–8. discussion 888.
Tishler RB, Loeffler JS, Lunsford LD, et al. Tolerance of cranial nerves of the cavernous sinus to radiosurgery. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993;27:215–21.
Leber KA, Bergloff J, Pendl G. Dose-response tolerance of the visual pathways and cranial nerves of the cavernous sinus to stereotactic radiosurgery. J Neurosurg. 1998;88:43–50.
Stafford SL, Pollock BE, Leavitt JA, et al. A study on the radiation tolerance of the optic nerves and chiasm after stereotactic radiosurgery. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;55:1177–81.
Chen JC, Giannotta SL, Yu C, et al. Radiosurgical management of benign cavernous sinus tumors: dose profiles and acute complications. Neurosurgery. 2001;48:1022–30. discussion 1030–1022.
De Salles AA, Bajada CL, Goetsch S, et al. Radiosurgery of cavernous sinus tumors. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien). 1993;58: 101–3.
Lee JY, Niranjan A, McInerney J, et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery providing long-term tumor control of cavernous sinus meningiomas. J Neurosurg. 2002;97:65–72.
Tome WA, Mehta MP, Meeks SL, et al. Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy: a short review. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2002;1:153–72.
Gill SS, Thomas DG, Warrington AP, et al. Relocatable frame for stereotactic external beam radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1991;20:599–603.
Alheit H, Dornfeld S, Dawel M, et al. Patient position reproducibility in fractionated stereotactically guided conformal radiotherapy using the BrainLab mask system. Strahlenther Onkol. 2001;177:264–8.
Kooy HM, Dunbar SF, Tarbell NJ, et al. Adaptation and verification of the relocatable Gill-Thomas-Cosman frame in stereotactic radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1994;30:685–91.
Solberg T, Ford J, Medin P, et al. Reproducibility of frame positioning for fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery. J Radiosurg. 1999;2:57–64.
Lo SS, Cho KH, Hall WA, et al. Single dose versus fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for meningiomas. Can J Neurol Sci. 2002;29:240–8.
Milker-Zabel S, Zabel A, Schulz-Ertner D, et al. Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy in patients with benign or atypical intracranial meningioma: long-term experience and prognostic factors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;61:809–16.
Debus J, Wuendrich M, Pirzkall A, et al. High efficacy of fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy of large base-of-skull meningiomas: long-term results. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:3547–53.
Baumert BG, Norton IA, Davis JB. Intensity-modulated stereotactic radiotherapy vs. stereotactic conformal radiotherapy for the treatment of meningioma located predominantly in the skull base. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;57:580–92.
Ernst-Stecken A, Lambrecht U, Ganslandt O, et al. Radiosurgery of small skull-base lesions no advantage for intensity-modulated stereotactic radiosurgery versus conformal arc technique. Strahlenther Onkol. 2005;181:336–44.
Gabibov GA, Blinkov SM, Tcherekayev VA. The management of optic nerve meningiomas and gliomas. J Neurosurg. 1988;68: 889–93.
Kupersmith MJ, Warren FA, Newall J, et al. Irradiation of meningiomas of the intracranial anterior visual pathway. Ann Neurol. 1987;21:131–7.
Wara WM, Sheline GE, Newman H, et al. Radiation therapy of meningiomas. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1975;123:453–8.
Andrews DW, Faroozan R, Yang BP, et al. Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for the treatment of optic nerve sheath meningiomas: preliminary observations of 33 optic nerves in 30 patients with historical comparison to observation with or without prior surgery. Neurosurgery. 2002;51:890–902. discussion 903–894.
Baumert BG, Villa S, Studer G, et al. Early improvements in vision after fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for primary optic nerve sheath meningioma. Radiother Oncol. 2004;72:169–74.
Ojemann SG, Sneed PK, Larson DA, et al. Radiosurgery for malignant meningioma: results in 22 patients. J Neurosurg. 2000;93 Suppl 3:62–7.
Harris AE, Lee JY, Omalu B, et al. The effect of radiosurgery during management of aggressive meningiomas. Surg Neurol. 2003;60:298–305. discussion 305.
Huffmann BC, Reinacher PC, Gilsbach JM. Gamma Knife surgery for atypical meningiomas. J Neurosurg. 2005;102(Suppl): 283–6.
Abdel-Aziz KM, Froelich SC, Dagnew E, et al. Large sphenoid wing meningiomas involving the cavernous sinus: conservative surgical strategies for better functional outcomes. Neurosurgery. 2004;54:1375–83. discussion 1383–1374.
Maruyama K, Shin M, Kurita H, et al. Proposed treatment strategy for cavernous sinus meningiomas: a prospective study. Neurosurgery. 2004;55:1068–75.
Frighetto L, De Salles AA, Behnke E, et al. Image-guided frameless stereotactic biopsy sampling of parasellar lesions. Technical note. J Neurosurg. 2003;98:920–5.
Duma CM, Lunsford LD, Kondziolka D, et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery of cavernous sinus meningiomas as an addition or alternative to microsurgery. Neurosurgery. 1993;32:699–704. discussion 704–695.
Suzuki M, Mizoi K, Yoshimoto T. Should meningiomas involving the cavernous sinus be totally resected? Surg Neurol. 1995;44:3–10. discussion 10–13.
Flickinger JC. An integrated logistic formula for prediction of complications from radiosurgery. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989;17:879–85.
Kjellberg RN, Davis KR, Lyons S, et al. Bragg peak proton beam therapy for arteriovenous malformation of the brain. Clin Neurosurg. 1983;31:248–90.
Yang S, Law M, Zagzag D, et al. Dynamic contrast-enhanced perfusion MR imaging measurements of endothelial permeability: differentiation between atypical and typical meningiomas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;24:1554–9.
Kalala JP, Maes L, Vandenbroecke C, et al. The hTERT protein as a marker for malignancy in meningiomas. Oncol Rep. 2005; 13:273–7.
Maes L, Lippens E, Kalala JP, et al. The hTERT-protein and Ki-67 labelling index in recurrent and non-recurrent meningiomas. Cell Prolif. 2005;38:3–12.
Wrobel G, Roerig P, Kokocinski F, et al. Microarray-based gene expression profiling of benign, atypical and anaplastic meningiomas identifies novel genes associated with meningioma progression. Int J Cancer. 2005;114:249–56.
Rohde V, Spangenberg P, Mayfrank L, et al. Advanced neuro-navigation in skull base tumors and vascular lesions. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 2005;48:13–8.
Kamada K, Todo T, Masutani Y, et al. Combined use of tractography-integrated functional neuronavigation and direct fiber stimulation. J Neurosurg. 2005;102:664–72.
Cook SW, Smith Z, Kelly DF. Endonasal transsphenoidal removal of tuberculum sellae meningiomas: technical note. Neurosurgery. 2004;55:239–44. discussion 244–236.
Couldwell WT, Weiss MH, Rabb C, et al. Variations on the standard transsphenoidal approach to the sellar region, with emphasis on the extended approaches and parasellar approaches: surgical experience in 105 cases. Neurosurgery. 2004;55:539–47. discussion 547–550.
Jho HD, Alfieri A. Endoscopic glabellar approach to the anterior skull base: a technical note. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 2002;45:185–8.
Villavicencio AT, Black PM, Shrieve DC, Fallon MP, Alexander E, Loeffler JS. Linac radiosurgery for skull base meningiomas. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2001;143(11):1141–52.
Friedman WA, Murad GJ, Bradshaw P, Amdur RJ, Mendenhall WM, Foote KD, Bova FJ. Linear accelerator surgery for meningiomas. J Neurosurg. 2005;103(2):206–9.
Hasegawa T, Kida Y, Yoshimoto M, Koike J, Iizuka H, Ishii D. Long-term outcomes of Gamma Knife surgery for cavernous sinus meningioma. J Neurosurg. 2007;107(4):745–51.
Pollock BE, Stafford SL, Link MJ, Brown PD, Garces YI, Foote RL. Single-fraction radiosurgery of benign intracranial meningiomas. Neurosurgery. 2012;71(3):604–12. doi:10.1227/NEU. 0b013e31825ea557. discussion 613.
Henzel M, Gross MW, Hamm K, Surber G, Kleinert G, Failing T, Strassmann G, Engenhart-Cabillic R. Significant tumor volume reduction of meningiomas after stereotactic radiotherapy: results of a prospective multicenter study. Neurosurgery. 2006;59(6): 1188–94. discussion 1194.
Adler Jr JR, Gibbs IC, Puataweepong P, Chang SD. Visual field preservation after multisession cyberknife radiosurgery for perioptic lesions. Neurosurgery. 2006;59(2):244–54. discussion 244–54.
Litré CF, Colin P, Noudel R, Peruzzi P, Bazin A, Sherpereel B, Bernard MH, Rousseaux P. Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy treatment of cavernous sinus meningiomas: a study of 100 cases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;74(4):1012–7.
Combs SE, Adeberg S, Dittmar JO, Welzel T, Rieken S, Habermehl D, Huber PE, Debus J. Skull base meningiomas: Long-term results and patient self-reported outcome in 507 patients treated with fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (FSRT) or intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). Radiother Oncol. 2013;106(2): 186–91.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gorgulho, A., Mattozo, C.A., De Salles, A.A.F. (2015). Meningioma. In: Chin, L., Regine, W. (eds) Principles and Practice of Stereotactic Radiosurgery. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8363-2_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8363-2_20
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-8362-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-8363-2
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)