Abstract
Water is one of the life requirements for individuals and societies, and it affects the global economy. The contamination of water is a worldwide problem that threatens the environment and poses abundant hazardous effects on the quality of water and aquatic species. Numerous techniques are known to remove the contaminants from wastewater. Biochar-based material has a novel ability to remediate wastewater due to its distinctive physicochemical properties. It has been considered a promising candidate material for the removal of pollutants through adsorption in the practical application processes. Researchers have reported numerous methods to modify the biochar to enhance their adsorption efficiency. Biochar is considered a cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and sustainable sorbent that has an extraordinary potential to proficiently remove potentially toxic organic and inorganic pollutants from water and wastewater. Adsorption is one of the most efficient techniques to remove pollutants from water and wastewater. These adsorption processes include several mechanisms for the removal of organic and inorganic pollutants as discussed in this chapter. Modified biochar, known also as engineered/designed biochar, has a larger surface area, high adsorption capacity, and predominant surface functional groups that gave a new type of biochar with a great application approach in different wastewater treatment plants compared to natural or pristine biochar. Additionally, the properties of biochar are depended on the type of feedstocks materials and pyrolysis conditions.
In this chapter, the currently available research regarding wastewater treatment using biochar technologies has been reviewed. Specifically, we have critically reviewed the (1) wastewater treatment; (2) production and characterization of biochar; (3) application of biochar for wastewater treatment concerning its role for removal of organic and inorganic pollutants; (4) capacity and mechanism of adsorbing hazardous pollutants from wastewater using biochar. Moreover, the economics and potential risks of biochar in wastewater treatment have been also discussed. This chapter demonstrates the predominant scientific chances for a comprehensive understanding of using biochar as an emerging technique for wastewater treatments. Finally, we also introduced some conclusions and recommendations for further work to enhance the efficiency of biochar for wastewater treatment.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Unuabonah EI, Taubert A (2014) Clay–polymer nanocomposites (CPNs): adsorbents of the future for water treatment. Appl Clay Sci 99:83–92
Enaime G, Bacaoui A, Yaacoubi A, Lübken M (2020) Biochar for wastewater treatment—conversion technologies and applications. Appl Sci 10(10):3492
Issa AA, Al-Degs YS, Al-Ghouti MA, Olimat AA (2014) Studying competitive sorption behavior of methylene blue and malachite green using multivariate calibration. Chem Eng J 240:554–564
Yenkie KM (2019) Integrating the three E’s in wastewater treatment: efficient design, economic viability, and environmental sustainability. Curr Opin Chem Eng 26:131–138
Shaheen SM, Niazi NK, Hassan NE, Bibi I, Wang H, Tsang DC, Ok YS, Bolan N, Rinklebe J (2019) Wood-based biochar for the removal of potentially toxic elements in water and wastewater: a critical review. Int Mater Rev 64(4):216–247
United Nations (2015) Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/resource-pdf/Resolution_A_RES_70_1_EN.pdf
Sun Y, Wang T, Sun X, Bai L, Han C, Zhang P (2021) The potential of biochar and lignin-based adsorbents for wastewater treatment: comparison, mechanism, and application—a review. Ind Crop Prod 166:113473
Wang X, Guo Z, Hu Z, Zhang J (2020) Recent advances in biochar application for water and wastewater treatment: a review. PeerJ 8:e9164
**ang W, Zhang X, Chen J, Zou W, He F, Hu X, Tsang DCW, Ok YS, Gao B (2020) Biochar technology in wastewater treatment: a critical review. Chemosphere 252:126539
Wang X, Chi Q, Liu X, Wang Y (2019) Influence of pyrolysis temperature on characteristics and environmental risk of heavy metals in pyrolyzed biochar made from hydrothermally treated sewage sludge. Chemosphere 216:698–706
Yang X, Zhang S, Ju M, Liu L (2019) Preparation and modification of biochar materials and their application in soil remediation. Appl Sci 9(7):1365
Huang Q, Song S, Chen Z, Hu B, Chen J, Wang XJB (2019) Biochar-based materials and their applications in removal of organic contaminants from wastewater: state-of-the-art review. Biochar 1(1):45–73
Ajmal Z, Muhmood A, Dong R, Wu S (2020) Probing the efficiency of magnetically modified biomass-derived biochar for effective phosphate removal. J Environ Manag 253:109730
Cho D-W, Yoon K, Kwon EE, Biswas JK, Song H (2017) Fabrication of magnetic biochar as a treatment medium for As (V) via pyrolysis of FeCl3-pretreated spent coffee ground. Environ Pollut 229:942–949
Godwin PM, Pan Y, **ao H, Afzal MT (2019) Progress in preparation and application of modified biochar for improving heavy metal ion removal from wastewater. J Bioresour Bioprod 4(1):31–42
Krasucka P, Pan B, Sik Ok Y, Mohan D, Sarkar B, Oleszczuk P (2021) Engineered biochar – a sustainable solution for the removal of antibiotics from water. Chem Eng J 405:126926
Pan X, Gu Z, Chen W, Li Q (2021) Preparation of biochar and biochar composites and their application in a Fenton-like process for wastewater decontamination: a review. Sci Total Environ 754:142104
Rajapaksha AU, Chen SS, Tsang DCW, Zhang M, Vithanage M, Mandal S, Gao B, Bolan NS, Ok YS (2016) Engineered/designer biochar for contaminant removal/immobilization from soil and water: potential and implication of biochar modification. Chemosphere 148:276–291
Sizmur T, Fresno T, Akgül G, Frost H, Moreno-Jiménez E (2017) Biochar modification to enhance sorption of inorganics from water. Bioresour Technol 246:34–47
Yang G-X, Jiang H (2014) Amino modification of biochar for enhanced adsorption of copper ions from synthetic wastewater. Water Res 48:396–405
Zhou Y, Gao B, Zimmerman AR, Fang J, Sun Y, Cao X (2013) Sorption of heavy metals on chitosan-modified biochars and its biological effects. Chem Eng J 231:512–518
Ahmed MB, Zhou JL, Ngo HH, Guo W (2015) Adsorptive removal of antibiotics from water and wastewater: progress and challenges. Sci Total Environ 532:112–126
Algheethi A, Noman E, Radin Mohamed RMS, Mohammad Razi MA, Amir M (2018) Removal of pharmaceutically active compounds from contaminated water and wastewater using biochar as low-cost adsorbents, an overview. In: Handbook of environmental materials management. Springer, Cham
Chen T, Luo L, Deng S, Shi G, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Deng O, Wang L, Zhang J, Wei L (2018) Sorption of tetracycline on H3PO4 modified biochar derived from rice straw and swine manure. Bioresour Technol 267:431–437
Chen X, Chen G, Chen L, Chen Y, Lehmann J, McBride MB, Hay AG (2011) Adsorption of copper and zinc by biochars produced from pyrolysis of hardwood and corn straw in aqueous solution. Bioresour Technol 102(19):8877–8884
Mohan D, Pittman Jr CU, Bricka M, Smith F, Yancey B, Mohammad J, Steele PH, Alexandre-Franco MF, Gómez-Serrano V, Gong H (2007) Sorption of arsenic, cadmium, and lead by chars produced from fast pyrolysis of wood and bark during bio-oil production. J Colloid Interface Sci 310(1):57–73
Wang C, Gu L, Liu X, Zhang X, Cao L, Hu X, Biodegradation. (2016) Sorption behavior of Cr (VI) on pineapple-peel-derived biochar and the influence of coexisting pyrene. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 111:78–84
Wongrod S, Simon S, Guibaud G, Lens PNL, Pechaud Y, Huguenot D, van Hullebusch ED (2018a) Lead sorption by biochar produced from digestates: consequences of chemical modification and washing. J Environ Manag 219:277–284
Cao X, Ma L, Gao B, Harris W (2009) Dairy-manure derived biochar effectively sorbs lead and atrazine. Environ Sci Technol 43(9):3285–3291
Droste RL, Gehr RL (2018) Theory and practice of water and wastewater treatment. Wiley
Tchobanoglous G, Burton FL, Stensel H (1991) Wastewater engineering. Management 7:1–4
Crini G, Lichtfouse E (2019) Advantages and disadvantages of techniques used for wastewater treatment. Environ Chem Lett 17(1):145–155
Barakat M (2011) New trends in removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater. Arab J Chem 4(4):361–377
Mohan D, Rajput S, Singh VK, Steele PH, Pittman Jr CU (2011) Modeling and evaluation of chromium remediation from water using low cost bio-char, a green adsorbent. J Hazard Mater 188(1–3):319–333
Kambo HS, Dutta A (2015) A comparative review of biochar and hydrochar in terms of production, physico-chemical properties and applications. Renew Sust Energ Rev 45:359–378
Kulyk N (2012) Cost-benefit analysis of the biochar application in the US cereal crop cultivation
Tian J, ** J, Chiu P, Guo M, Imhoff PT (2016) The impact of biochar on bioretention nitrogen removal and hydrologic performance. AGUFM 2016:B21A-0434
Pokharel A, Acharya B, Farooque A (2020) Biochar-assisted wastewater treatment and waste valorization. In: Applications of biochar for environmental safety. IntechOpen
Ahmad M, Lee SS, Dou X, Mohan D, Sung J-K, Yang JE, Ok YS (2012) Effects of pyrolysis temperature on soybean stover- and peanut shell-derived biochar properties and TCE adsorption in water. Bioresour Technol 118:536–544
Demirbas A (2004) Effects of temperature and particle size on bio-char yield from pyrolysis of agricultural residues. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 72(2):243–248
Hu X, Zhang X, Ngo HH, Guo W, Wen H, Li C, Zhang Y, Ma C (2020) Comparison study on the ammonium adsorption of the biochars derived from different kinds of fruit peel. Sci Total Environ 707:135544
Kwak J-H, Islam MS, Wang S, Messele SA, Naeth MA, El-Din MG, Chang SX (2019) Biochar properties and lead (II) adsorption capacity depend on feedstock type, pyrolysis temperature, and steam activation. Chemosphere 231:393–404
Warnock DD, Lehmann J, Kuyper TW, Rillig MC (2007) Mycorrhizal responses to biochar in soil–concepts and mechanisms. Plant Soil 300(1):9–20
Qambrani NA, Rahman MM, Won S, Shim S, Ra C (2017) Biochar properties and eco-friendly applications for climate change mitigation, waste management, and wastewater treatment: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 79:255–273
Rangabhashiyam S, Balasubramanian P (2019) The potential of lignocellulosic biomass precursors for biochar production: performance, mechanism and wastewater application-a review. Ind Crop Prod 128:405–423
Chen B, Zhou D, Zhu L (2008) Transitional adsorption and partition of nonpolar and polar aromatic contaminants by biochars of pine needles with different pyrolytic temperatures. Environ Sci Technol 42(14):5137–5143
Mohan D, Sarswat A, Ok YS, Pittman Jr CU (2014) Organic and inorganic contaminants removal from water with biochar, a renewable, low cost and sustainable adsorbent–a critical review. Bioresour Technol 160:191–202
Verma L, Singh J (2019) Synthesis of novel biochar from waste plant litter biomass for the removal of Arsenic (III and V) from aqueous solution: a mechanism characterization, kinetics and thermodynamics. J Environ Manag 248:109235
Dong X, Ma LQ, Li Y (2011) Characteristics and mechanisms of hexavalent chromium removal by biochar from sugar beet tailing. J Hazard Mater 190(1):909–915
Cao X, Harris W (2010) Properties of dairy-manure-derived biochar pertinent to its potential use in remediation. Bioresour Technol 101(14):5222–5228
Lu H, Zhang W, Yang Y, Huang X, Wang S, Qiu R (2012) Relative distribution of Pb2+ sorption mechanisms by sludge-derived biochar. Water Res 46(3):854–862
Wongrod S, Simon S, van Hullebusch ED, Lens PN, Guibaud G (2018b) Changes of sewage sludge digestate-derived biochar properties after chemical treatments and influence on As (III and V) and Cd (II) sorption. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 135:96–102
Tong X-J, Li J-Y, Yuan J-H, Xu R-K (2011) Adsorption of Cu (II) by biochars generated from three crop straws. Chem Eng J 172(2–3):828–834
Ippolito J, Strawn D, Scheckel K, Novak J, Ahmedna M, Niandou M (2012) Macroscopic and molecular investigations of copper sorption by a steam-activated biochar. J Environ Qual 41(4):1150–1156
Lima IM, Boateng AA, Klasson KT (2010) Physicochemical and adsorptive properties of fast-pyrolysis bio-chars and their steam activated counterparts. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 85(11):1515–1521
Kong H, He J, Gao Y, Wu H, Zhu X (2011) Cosorption of phenanthrene and mercury (II) from aqueous solution by soybean stalk-based biochar. J Agric Food Chem 59(22):12116–12123
Khan TA, Mukhlif AA, Khan EA (2017) Uptake of Cu2+ and Zn2+ from simulated wastewater using muskmelon peel biochar: isotherm and kinetic studies. Egypt J Basic Appl Sci 4(3):236–248
Shukla P, Mishra A, Manivannan S, Melo JS, Mandal D (2020) Parametric optimization for adsorption of mercury (II) using self assembled bio-hybrid. J Environ Chem Eng 8(3):103725
Fan S, Zhang L (2021) Production and characterization of tea waste–based biochar and its application in treatment of Cd-containing wastewater. Biomass Convers Biorefinery 11(5):1719–1732
Higashikawa FS, Conz RF, Colzato M, Cerri CEP, Alleoni LRF (2016) Effects of feedstock type and slow pyrolysis temperature in the production of biochars on the removal of cadmium and nickel from water. J Clean Prod 137:965–972
Van Vinh N, Zafar M, Behera S, Park H-S (2015) Arsenic (III) removal from aqueous solution by raw and zinc-loaded pine cone biochar: equilibrium, kinetics, and thermodynamics studies. Int J Environ Sci Technol 12(4):1283–1294
Zhou N, Chen H, ** J, Yao D, Zhou Z, Tian Y, Lu X (2017) Biochars with excellent Pb (II) adsorption property produced from fresh and dehydrated banana peels via hydrothermal carbonization. Bioresour Technol 232:204–210
Qian K, Kumar A, Zhang H, Bellmer D, Huhnke R (2015) Recent advances in utilization of biochar. Renew Sust Energ Rev 42:1055–1064
Yu KL, Lau BF, Show PL, Ong HC, Ling TC, Chen W-H, Ng EP, Chang J-S (2017) Recent developments on algal biochar production and characterization. Bioresour Technol 246:2–11
Islam MS, Kwak J-H, Nzediegwu C, Wang S, Palansuriya K, Kwon EE, Naeth MA, El-Din MG, Ok YS, Chang SX (2021) Biochar heavy metal removal in aqueous solution depends on feedstock type and pyrolysis purging gas. Environ Pollut 281:117094
Yin G, Tao L, Chen X, Bolan NS, Sarkar B, Lin Q, Wang H (2021) Quantitative analysis on the mechanism of Cd2+ removal by MgCl2-modified biochar in aqueous solutions. J Hazard Mater 420:126487
Hina K (2013) Application of biochar technologies to wastewater treatment. Massey University, Palmerston North
Zeng Q, Qin L, Bao L, Li Y, Li X (2016) Critical nutrient thresholds needed to control eutrophication and synergistic interactions between phosphorus and different nitrogen sources. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23(20):21008–21019
Kizito S, Wu S, Kirui WK, Lei M, Lu Q, Bah H, Dong R (2015) Evaluation of slow pyrolyzed wood and rice husks biochar for adsorption of ammonium nitrogen from piggery manure anaerobic digestate slurry. Sci Total Environ 505:102–112
Takaya C, Fletcher L, Singh S, Anyikude K, Ross A (2016) Phosphate and ammonium sorption capacity of biochar and hydrochar from different wastes. Chemosphere 145:518–527
Ismadji S, Tong DS, Soetaredjo FE, Ayucitra A, Yu WH, Zhou CH (2016) Bentonite hydrochar composite for removal of ammonium from Koi fish tank. Appl Clay Sci 119:146–154
Wang Z, Guo H, Shen F, Yang G, Zhang Y, Zeng Y, Wang L, **ao H, Deng S (2015) Biochar produced from oak sawdust by Lanthanum (La)-involved pyrolysis for adsorption of ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3−), and phosphate (PO43−). Chemosphere 119:646–653
Gao F, Xue Y, Deng P, Cheng X, Yang K (2015) Removal of aqueous ammonium by biochars derived from agricultural residuals at different pyrolysis temperatures. Chem Spec Bioavailab 27(2):92–97
Zhang M, Gao B, Yao Y, Xue Y, Inyang M (2012) Synthesis of porous MgO-biochar nanocomposites for removal of phosphate and nitrate from aqueous solutions. Chem Eng J 210:26–32
Yin Q, Liu M, Ren H (2019) Biochar produced from the co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and walnut shell for ammonium and phosphate adsorption from water. J Environ Manag 249:109410
Ren J, Li N, Li L, An J-K, Zhao L, Ren NQ (2015) Granulation and ferric oxides loading enable biochar derived from cotton stalk to remove phosphate from water. Bioresour Technol 178:119–125
Yin Q, Zhang B, Wang R, Zhao Z (2017) Biochar as an adsorbent for inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus removal from water: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24(34):26297–26309
Fan R, Chen C-L, Lin J-Y, Tzeng J-H, Huang C-P, Dong C, Huang CP (2019) Adsorption characteristics of ammonium ion onto hydrous biochars in dilute aqueous solutions. Bioresour Technol 272:465–472
Akhil D, Lakshmi D, Kumar PS, Vo D-VN, Kartik A (2021) Occurrence and removal of antibiotics from industrial wastewater. Environ Chem Lett 19(2):1477–1507
Wang H, Chu Y, Fang C, Huang F, Song Y, Xue X (2017) Sorption of tetracycline on biochar derived from rice straw under different temperatures. PLoS One 12(8):e0182776
Li C, Zhu X, He H, Fang Y, Dong H, Lü J, Li J, Li Y (2019) Adsorption of two antibiotics on biochar prepared in air-containing atmosphere: influence of biochar porosity and molecular size of antibiotics. J Mol Liq 274:353–361
Jang HM, Kan E (2019) A novel hay-derived biochar for removal of tetracyclines in water. Bioresour Technol 274:162–172
**e M, Chen W, Xu Z, Zheng S, Zhu D (2014) Adsorption of sulfonamides to demineralized pine wood biochars prepared under different thermochemical conditions. Environ Pollut 186:187–194
Zhang L, Tong L, Zhu P, Huang P, Tan Z, Qin F, Shi W, Wang M, Nie H, Yan G, Huang H (2018) Adsorption of chlortetracycline onto biochar derived from corn cob and sugarcane bagasse. Water Sci Technol 78(6):1336–1347
Shakoor MB, Ye Z-L, Chen S (2021) Engineered biochars for recovering phosphate and ammonium from wastewater: a review. Sci Total Environ 779:146240
Wei D, Li B, Huang H, Luo L, Zhang J, Yang Y, Guo J, Tang L, Zeng G, Zhou Y (2018) Biochar-based functional materials in the purification of agricultural wastewater: fabrication, application and future research needs. Chemosphere 197:165–180
Akintola A, Akinlabi E, Masebinu SO (2020) Biochar as an adsorbent: a short overview. Valoriz Biomass Value-Added Commod 2020:399–422
Nartey OD, Zhao B (2014) Biochar preparation, characterization, and adsorptive capacity and its effect on bioavailability of contaminants: an overview. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2014:715398
Li H, Dong X, da Silva EB, de Oliveira LM, Chen Y, Ma LQ (2017) Mechanisms of metal sorption by biochars: biochar characteristics and modifications. Chemosphere 178:466–478
Tan X, Liu Y, Zeng G, Wang X, Hu X, Gu Y, Yang Z (2015) Application of biochar for the removal of pollutants from aqueous solutions. Chemosphere 125:70–85
Gwenzi W, Chaukura N, Noubactep C, Mukome FN (2017) Biochar-based water treatment systems as a potential low-cost and sustainable technology for clean water provision. J Environ Manag 197:732–749
Khan N, Chowdhary P, Gnansounou E, Chaturvedi P (2021) Biochar and environmental sustainability: emerging trends and techno-economic perspectives. Bioresour Technol 332:125102
Haeldermans T, Campion L, Kuppens T, Vanreppelen K, Cuypers A, Schreurs S (2020) A comparative techno-economic assessment of biochar production from different residue streams using conventional and microwave pyrolysis. Bioresour Technol 318:124083
Shackley S, Sohi S, Brownsort P, Carter S, Cook J, Cunningham C, Gaunt J, Hammond J, Ibarrola R, Mašek O, Sims K (2010) An assessment of the benefits and issues associated with the application of biochar to soil. Food, Rural Affairs, U.G., London
Liu W-J, Jiang H, Yu H-Q (2015) Development of biochar-based functional materials: toward a sustainable platform carbon material. Chem Rev 115(22):12251–12285
Kamali M, Appels L, Kwon EE, Aminabhavi TM, Dewil R (2021) Biochar in water and wastewater treatment-a sustainability assessment. Chem Eng J 420:129946
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Abd El-Azeem, S.A.M. (2022). Wastewater Treatment Using Biochar Technology. In: Nasr, M., Negm, A.M. (eds) Cost-efficient Wastewater Treatment Technologies. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 118. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2022_881
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2022_881
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-12901-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-12902-5
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)