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Development, Occurrence and Regulationof Antifouling Paint Biocides: Historical Review and Future Trends
Antifouling agents have been used on ships since the ancient Roman and Greek civilizations. A brief history is provided through to the demise of...
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Worldwide Occurrence of Organotins from Antifouling Paints and Effects in the Aquatic Environment
Organotins belong to the most toxic pollutants for aquatic life known so far. Widespread contamination of harbors and areas with high ship**...
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Antifouling Paint Booster Biocides: Occurrence and Partitioning in Water and Sediments
Following the ban on the use of tributyltin (TBT) in antifouling, several organic booster biocides have been used in conjunction with copper in...
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New Trends in Sample Preparation Methods for the Determination of Organotin Compounds in Marine Matrices
Tributyltin still remains a major issue for the marine environment and its determination is mandatory by legislation in several countries. As for...
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Present Status of Antifouling Systems in Japan: Tributyltin Substitutes in Japan
An international conference held by the International Maritime Organization in October 2001 adopted an “International convention on the control of...
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Biomass Smoke and Health Risks – The Situation in Develo** Countries
About half of the world’s population relies on traditional fuels such as biomass (wood, agricultural residues, animal dung and charcoal) as the...
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Indoor Air Pollution by Microorganisms and Their Metabolites
Microbial damage in indoor areas is caused most frequently by molds and bacteria. These microorganisms have a very important role in the...
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Synthetic Musks in Bioindicators: Monitoring Data of Fish and Human Milk Samples from the Czech Republic
Until the middle of the 1990s, no attention was paid to the pollution of the environment in Czech Republic by synthetic musk fragrances and to the...
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Risk Evaluation of Dietary and Dermal Exposure to Musk Fragrances
Synthetic musk compounds comprising nitro musks, polycyclic musks and macrocyclic musks are used in fragrances which are added to a variety of...
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Biotic and Abiotic Transformation Pathways of Synthetic Musks in the Aquatic Environment
Synthetic musks are being transformed to intermediates or relatively stable metabolites that may exhibit a strong potential for environmental harm....
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Synthetic Musks in Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Sediment, and Sewage Sludge
Nitro musk and polycyclic musk fragrances accumulate in solid matters of the aquatic environment. They are analyzed by extraction with an organic...
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Sources and Impacts of Pesticides in Indoor Environments
Indoor contamination is one source of exposure to toxic pollutants and has been classified as a high environmental risk. Epidemiological research...
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Enantioselective Analysis of Polycyclic Musks as a Versatile Tool for the Understanding of Environmental Processes
In this chapter the application of enantioselective chromatography to process studies related to the microbial, enzymatic and photochemical...
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Chemistry and Fate of Organotin Antifouling Biocides in the Environment
Organotin antifouling paints are degraded relatively rapidly in seawater mainly by microorganisms, but they have high affinities to sediment and...
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Toxicity and Preliminary Risk Assessment of Alternative Antifouling Biocides to Aquatic Organisms
Published literature has been reviewed regarding the toxicity of representative alternative antifouling biocides (Chlorothalonil, Dichlofluanid,...
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The Role of Musk and Musk Compounds in the Fragrance Industry
An overview of the role of musk and musk compounds in the fragrance industry is given. Discovery and syntheses of representatives occurring naturally...
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Sensory Evaluation of Indoor Air Pollution Sources
The basic biological principles of the perception mechanisms for odour and irritants are fairly well understood. Much more uncertain is how these...
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Indoor Particles, Combustion Products and Fibres
Pollutants in an indoor environment are a complex mixture of gases, vapours and particles in either the liquid or the solid phase, suspended in the...
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Synthetic Musks in House Dust
House dust is a sink and repository for semi-volatile organic compounds and particle bound organic matter. Although data are available on the...
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Synthetic Musks in Different Water Matrices
Nitro musks and polycyclic musks are used as synthetic musk compounds in almost all scented consumer products, such as perfumes, cosmetics, and...