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PEGylation of Proteins as Tailored Chemistry for Optimized Bioconjugates
The high potential of peptides and proteins as therapeutic agents has not been fully exploited because of their common shortcomings: the only...
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Polymer Therapeutics for Cancer: Current Status and Future Challenges
Drug delivery systems for cancer therapeutics have revolutionized medicine. Delivery systems have improved the efficacy and reduced the toxicity of...
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Polymer Therapeutics: Polymers as Drugs, Drug and Protein Conjugates and Gene Delivery Systems: Past, Present and Future Opportunities
As the 21st century begins we are witnessing a paradigm shift in medical practice. Whereas the use of polymers in biomedical materials applications...
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Polypeptide and Polypeptide Hybrid Copolymer Synthesis via NCA Polymerization
This article summarizes recent developments in the synthesis of polypeptides and hybrid peptide copolymers. Traditional methods used to polymerize...
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Gene Delivery Using Polymer Therapeutics
The use of polymers as synthetic non-viral carriers for introducing nucleic acids into cells appears very appealing. Polymers can be generated in...
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Solution Properties of Polypeptide-based Copolymers
The aggregation behaviour of biomimetic polypeptide hybrid copolymers and copolypeptides is here reviewed with a particular eye on the occurrence...
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Nanostructured Devices Based on Block Copolymer Assemblies for Drug Delivery: Designing Structures for Enhanced Drug Function
Block copolymers spontaneously assemble into nanoscaled polymeric micelles, which have significant potential as drug carriers. Following much work...
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Transcriptome analysis in abiotic stress conditions in higher plants
Drought, high salinity, and low temperature are major environmental factors that limit plant productivity. Plants respond and adapt to these stresses...
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Signal transduction in plant cold acclimation
Temperate plants respond to low temperature by activating a cold acclimation program leading to enhanced tolerance to freezing temperatures. This...
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Plant salt tolerance
Soil salinity adversely affects crop productivity and quality. The success of breeding programs aimed at salinity tolerant crop varieties is limited...
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Plant responses to heat stress
The heat stress response is characterized by inhibition of normal transcription and translation, higher expression of heat shock proteins (hsps) and...
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Sensors of abiotic stress in Synechocystis
Systematic mutagenesis of histidine kinases in combination with DNA microarray technology has allowed us to identify sensors for cold, hyperosmotic...
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Abscisic acid signalling
Signalling of abscisic acid (ABA) in plants is characterized by an amazing number of secondary messengers that are part of the pathway or modulate...
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Environmental Oxidative Stress – Environmental Sources of ROS
Environmental factors are known sources for oxidative stress. In consequence of the numerous influences that define our environment, environmental...
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Endogenous Oxidant-Generating Systems
Although organisms respiring air oxygen use their energy sources in an optimal way they are threatened by the compulsory formation of reactive oxygen...
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Low Molecular Weight Antioxidants
Low molecular weight antioxidants are an important part of the antioxidative defense mechanisms of cells and organisms. This chapter gives a short...
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Modulation of Cellular Signaling Processes by Reactive Oxygen Species
Exposure of cells to reactive oxygen species (ROS) may result not only in cell death by excessive oxidation of biomolecules but also cause the...
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Glutathione
Glutathione is the most abundant non-protein thiol in cells. It is a tripeptide with two important structural features: the thiol group and the...
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The Broad Spectrum of Responses to Oxidative Stress in Proliferating Cells
Proliferating mammalian cells exhibit a broad spectrum of responses to oxidative stress, depending on the stress level encountered. Very low levels...
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Somatic and Zygotic Embryogenesis in Avocado
Avocado is a species widely cultivated for its highly nutritious fruit. Currently, soil-borne diseases such as Phytophthora root rot are severe...