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Deconvolution Microscopy
Since its introduction in 1983, deconvolution microscopy has become a key image-processing tool for visualizing the cellular structures of fixed and...
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On the Prebiotic Synthesis of Nucleobases, Nucleotides, Oligonucleotides, Pre-RNA and Pre-DNA Molecules
All the strategies for the prebiotic syntheses of RNA and DNA assume the adequate availability of the presumptive precursors such as purine and...
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Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy in Single Molecule Nanobioscience
Recent development in total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) has made it possible to directly monitor the behaviors of...
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Tracking Movement in Cell Biology
This article is an overview of techniques for measuring movement of proteins, vesicles and cells using digital image processing. Diverse techniques...
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Biologically Produced Sulfur
Sulfur compound oxidizing bacteria Sulfur compound oxidizing bacteria produce sulfur as an intermediate in the...
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Application of Evolutionary Algorithms to Global Cluster Geometry Optimization
This contribution focuses upon the application of evolutionary algorithms to the nondeterministic polynomial hard problem of global cluster geometry...
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Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM)
Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) is a technique to map the spatial distribution of nanosecond excited state lifetimes within...
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Spectral Imaging and Linear Unmixing in Light Microscopy
Fluorescence microscopy is an essential tool for modern biological research. The wide range of available fluorophores and labeling techniques allows...
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Liquid Sulfur
The molecular composition as well as the physical properties (including spectra) of liquid sulfur Liquid Sulfur...
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Speciation and Thermodynamics of Sulfur Vapor
Sulfur vapor Sulfur vapor at temperatures of between 200 and 1000 °C consists of all molecules with 2–10 atoms, some...
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Prediction of Crystal Structures Using Evolutionary Algorithms and Related Techniques
Methods, evolutionary and systematic search approaches, and applications of crystal structure prediction of closest-packed and framework materials...
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Degradation and Preservation of Organic Matter in Marine Sediments
Organic matter that is deposited in aquatic sediments is subject to an intense diagenetic reactor that determines how much organic carbon is...
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The Material-Independent Signatures of Life.Forensic Tools of Astrobiology
Biological life is intimately related to the geochemical conditions on Earth and is fit for this planet’s energy flux. It has often been suggested...
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The Early History of Bioenergy
Energy is most commonly defined as the potential to do work. The maintenance of the living state requires a constant flow of energy through the...
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Assembling the Early Puzzle of Life
So far no theory, no approach, no set of formulas, and no blackboard scheme have been found satisfactory in explaining the origin of life. The...
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The Early History of Bio-Information
In a general sense, the information level of a structure equals the minimum number of instructions needed to specify the structure (Orgel 1973). The...
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Higher Harmonic Generation Microscopy
Higher harmonic-generation, including second harmonic generation and third harmonic generation, leaves no energy deposition to the interacted matters...
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From the Prebiotic Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Towards a Primitive Translation Apparatus for the Synthesis of Peptides
The demonstration that ribosomal peptide synthesis is a ribozyme-catalyzed reaction does not establish that amino acids and peptides have been...
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Solid Sulfur Allotropes
Sulfur is the element with the largest number of solid allotropes. Most of these consist of unbranched cyclic molecules with ring sizes ranging from...