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Magnetic Fields in Galaxies
Magnetic fields are a major agent in the interstellar medium. They contribute significantly to the total pressure which balances the gas disk against...
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Magnetic Fields in Galaxy Systems, Clusters and Beyond
The discovery of significant magnetic fields beyond our Milky Way was unwittingly made in the early 1950’s when new “discrete” cosmic radio sources...
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Stellar Magnetic Fields
Stellar magnetic fields are directly detected or inferred across the whole Hertzsprung--Russell Diagram. Attention in this chapter is concentrated on...
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Magnetic Fields in Diffuse HI and Molecular Clouds
The diffuse interstellar HI is the matrix within which many molecular clouds reside and the medium that soaks up the energy injected by sources such...
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Magnetic Fields in the Early Universe
A substantial magnetic field could conceivably have been generated in the ultra-early Universe. However, the relevant physics at those eras is very...
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Searching the Trans-Neptunian Region
The Edgeworth-Kuiper-Belt is considered to be the remnant of the formation disk of the planetary system around the Sun. For about 8 years the...
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1 An Introduction to the Physics of the Early Universe
We present an elementary introduction to the Early Universe. The basic features of the hot Big Bang are reviewed in the framework of the fundamental...
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7 Brane-World Cosmology
According to recent ideas from particle physics, the universe could be a higher-dimensional spacetime, with our observable part of the universe being...
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Basic Principles of Classical Mechanics
To describe the motion of mechanical systems one uses a variety of mathematical models which are based on different principles - laws of motion. In...
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Neurosurgical Applications
The high precision of femtosecond laser ablation makes it an interesting tool for neurosurgical applications. The resection of arbitrary-shaped...
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Ultrashort Pulse Thin-Disk Lasers and Amplifiers
This Chapter deals with the generation and the amplification of ultrashort pulses in mode-locked oscillators and multipass amplifiers based on the...
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Monolithic Silicon Light Sources
Monolithic silicon light sources (LEDs and lasers) could have a significant impact when integrated on silicon chips. After a general introduction to...
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5. Simulation of Active and Nonlinear Photonic Nano-Materials in the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) Framework
A numerical method is presented that unites three-dimensional finite-differnce time-domain (FDTD) computer simulations of active, nonlinear photonic...
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Course 15: Observations of the High Energy $\gamma$ -Ray Universe
This article describes the nature and current status of observational programs studying astrophysical high energy...
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Course 1: Accretion and Ejection-Related MHD
This lecture is an introduction to MHD. Relevant equations, both in the classical and special-relativistic regimes are derived. The magnetic field...
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Course 7: Cosmic Rays and Particle Acceleration at Astrophysical Shocks
The acceleration of particles in the vicinity of astrophysical shocks has become the main paradigm in astrophysics for the production of cosmic rays...
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Ultrashort Pulse Lasers and Amplifiers Based on Nd:YVO4 and Yb:YAG Bulk Crystals
This Chapter focuses on the generation of ultrashort pulses and their amplification to high energies in Nd:YVO4 and Yb:YAG bulk crystals....
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Cutting of Diamond
For a number of years, diamond has been used as a material for cutting tools. Since conventional machining of diamond is difficult and expensive,...
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Ophthalmic Applications
Femtosecond photodisruption opens new pathways in refractive surgery due to its precise interaction mechanism with biological tissue. The quality of...