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Exploring the challenges of RNAi-based strategies for crop protection
RNA silencing (or RNA interference, RNAi) initiated by double-stranded RNAs is a conserved mechanism for regulating gene expression in eukaryotes....
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Vitamin C inactivates c-Jun N-terminal kinase to stabilize heart and neural crest derivatives expressed 1 (Hand1) in regulating placentation and maintenance of pregnancy
Vitamin C (VC) serves as a pivotal nutrient for anti-oxidation process, metabolic responses, and stem cell differentiation. However, its precise...
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Histone Ubiquitylation and the Regulation of Transcription
The small (76 amino acids) and highly conserved ubiquitin protein plays key roles in the physiology of eukaryotic cells. Protein ubiquitylation...
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The Generation and Recognition of Histone Methylation
The posttranslational modification of histone proteins via methylation has important functions in gene activation, transcriptional silencing,...
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Histone Dynamics During Transcription: Exchange of H2A/H2B Dimers and H3/H4 Tetramers During Pol II Elongation
Chromatin within eukaryotic cell nuclei accommodates many complex activities that require at least partial disassembly and reassembly of...
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Folding of newly synthesised proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a membranous compartment that can be found within any nucleated eukaryotic cell. Its job is to oversee the...
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Mouse Models of Cell Cycle Regulators: New Paradigms
In yeast, a single cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) is able to regulate diverse cell cycle transitions (S and M phases) by associating with multiple...
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Biological Markers for Anoxia in the Photic Zone of the Water Column
In this chapter we review the current state of knowledge on the occurrence of anoxic conditions in the water column of past depositional systems...
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Controls on the Carbon Isotopic Compositions of Lipids in Marine Environments
Organic carbon isotopes have long been used to study modern and ancient biogeochemical processes. Controls on the isotopic composition of organic...
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Sterol Endocytosis and Trafficking in Plant Cells
Structural sterols are integral components of biological membranes. They regulate membrane permeability and fluidity, and they influence the...
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Comparison of Molecular Mechanisms of Somatic and Zygotic Embryogenesis
Somatic embryogenesis has been used as a model system to understand the mechanisms regulating plant embryogenesis. The morphological and...
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Extracellular Guidance Cues and Intracellular Signaling Pathways that Direct Pollen Tube Growth
Fertilization in flowering plants requires that a pollen tube deliver two sperm to the female gametes, which develop in ovules buried deep within...
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Sources and Cycling of Organic Matter in the Marine Water Column
The organic carbon cycle operates on multiple time scales with a only small fraction of the global reservoir actively exchanged. For the marine...
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Molecular Tools for the Analysis of DNA in Marine Environments
In the last decade, microbial ecologists have increasingly applied molecular techniques to investigate microorganisms in natural environments. The...
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SNAREs in Plant Endocytosis and the Post-Golgi Traffic
In eukaryotic cells, the transport vesicles carry various cargo proteins from a donor compartment to a target compartment, and discharge the cargo...
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Plant Vacuoles: from Biogenesis to Function
The plant vacuolar system is far more complex than originally expected and multiple sorting pathways leading to various types of vacuoles can be...
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Endocytosis in Guard Cells
Stomatal movement requires large and repetitive changes to cell volume and consequently surface area. These alterations in surface area are...
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Endocytosis and Actomyosin Cytoskeleton
Mutual interactions between actin and endocytic assembly machineries are essential for successful clathrin-mediated endocytosis in yeast and...
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Endocytosis and Membrane Recycling in Pollen Tubes
In plants, tip-growing cells are an ideal system to investigate signal transduction mechanisms and, among these, pollen tubes are one of the...
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Atmospheric Transport of Terrestrial Organic Matter to the Sea
The transport of atmospheric particles with associated terrestrial organic matter to the oceans is an important process affecting various global...