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Degradation and Preservation of Organic Matter in Marine Sediments
Organic matter that is deposited in aquatic sediments is subject to an intense diagenetic reactor that determines how much organic carbon is... -
The Material-Independent Signatures of Life.Forensic Tools of Astrobiology
Biological life is intimately related to the geochemical conditions on Earth and is fit for this planet’s energy flux. It has often been suggested... -
The Early History of Bio-Information
In a general sense, the information level of a structure equals the minimum number of instructions needed to specify the structure (Orgel 1973). The... -
Assembling the Early Puzzle of Life
So far no theory, no approach, no set of formulas, and no blackboard scheme have been found satisfactory in explaining the origin of life. The... -
The Early History of Bioenergy
Energy is most commonly defined as the potential to do work. The maintenance of the living state requires a constant flow of energy through the... -
Deconvolution Microscopy
Since its introduction in 1983, deconvolution microscopy has become a key image-processing tool for visualizing the cellular structures of fixed and... -
Spectral Imaging and Linear Unmixing in Light Microscopy
Fluorescence microscopy is an essential tool for modern biological research. The wide range of available fluorophores and labeling techniques allows... -
Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy in Single Molecule Nanobioscience
Recent development in total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) has made it possible to directly monitor the behaviors of... -
Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM)
Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) is a technique to map the spatial distribution of nanosecond excited state lifetimes within... -
Higher Harmonic Generation Microscopy
Higher harmonic-generation, including second harmonic generation and third harmonic generation, leaves no energy deposition to the interacted matters... -
Tracking Movement in Cell Biology
This article is an overview of techniques for measuring movement of proteins, vesicles and cells using digital image processing. Diverse techniques... -
Controls on the Carbon Isotopic Compositions of Lipids in Marine Environments
Organic carbon isotopes have long been used to study modern and ancient biogeochemical processes. Controls on the isotopic composition of organic... -
Sources and Cycling of Organic Matter in the Marine Water Column
The organic carbon cycle operates on multiple time scales with a only small fraction of the global reservoir actively exchanged. For the marine... -
Atmospheric Transport of Terrestrial Organic Matter to the Sea
The transport of atmospheric particles with associated terrestrial organic matter to the oceans is an important process affecting various global... -
Biological Markers for Anoxia in the Photic Zone of the Water Column
In this chapter we review the current state of knowledge on the occurrence of anoxic conditions in the water column of past depositional systems... -
Molecular Tools for the Analysis of DNA in Marine Environments
In the last decade, microbial ecologists have increasingly applied molecular techniques to investigate microorganisms in natural environments. The... -
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Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy with Autofluorescent Proteins
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is a versatile technique operating at the single-molecule level, that successfully meets many challenges... -
Lipid Markers for Marine Organic Matter
An astonishing variety of different lipids have been found in marine sediments and the water column attesting to the diversity of biosynthetic... -
Pigment Markers for Phytoplankton Production
Chlorophylls and carotenoids are commonly used as quantitative biomarkers for the composition and biomass of marine phytoplankton. This chapter...