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Multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient medicated with etanercept and methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis
Methotrexate (MTX) and etanercept are commonly used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Several important adverse events, including...
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Fluorouracil-induced leukoencephalopathy mimicking neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a case report
BackgroundFluorouracil-induced leukoencephalopathy is a rare complication and has been reported to present as confusion, oculomotor abnormality,...
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Delayed leukoencephalopathy following non-coil embolization flow diverter stent deployment for an intracranial aneurysm
This report examines delayed leukoencephalopathy as a postoperative complication after the use of flow diverter (FD) devices for endovascular...
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Leukoencephalopathy in patients with brain metastases who received radiosurgery with or without whole brain radiotherapy
BackgroundWhole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) for brain metastases (BMs) is a common cause of radiation-induced leukoencephalopathy; however the...
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Brain imaging findings in CLCN2-related leukoencephalopathy
CLCN2 -related leukoencephalopathy is a rare autosomal-recessive disease caused by a loss-of-function mutation in the ClC-2 chloride channel, which is...
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Unilateral delayed post-hypoxic leukoencephalopathy: a case report
BackgroundDelayed post-hypoxic leukoencephalopathy is a rare entity following hypoxia. Clinical and radiological signs of delayed post-hypoxic...
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Natural history of pediatric morphine leukoencephalopathy on CT and MRI
An increased awareness of opioids and the imaging appearance in opioid overdose–related leukoencephalopathy has rapidly become crucial with respect...
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Progressive leukoencephalopathy as a manifestation of primary angiitis of the central nervous system: case report and review of the literature
Background and objectivePrimary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) is a rare form of vasculitis solely affecting the vessels of the...
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Intragenic homozygous duplication in HEPACAM is associated with megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts type 2A
Disease-causing variants in HEPACAM are associated with megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts 2A (MLC2A, MIM# 613,925, autosomal...
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Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with chronic kidney disease
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is an opportunistic central nervous system infection caused by the human polyomavirus 2, leading to...
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Lymphomatosis cerebri: a rare diffuse leukoencephalopathy you should never miss
IntroductionLymphomatosis cerebri (LC) is a rare variant of primary central nervous system lymphoma that diffusely involves throughout the brain. In...
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JC virus-induced progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a presumably healthy patient
BackgroundJC virus (JCV) is common among healthy individuals and remains latent but may be reactivated under immunosuppressive conditions, resulting...
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Toxic leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids caused by chemotherapeutic drugs other than methotrexate
BackgroundThe objective of this report is to share the clinicopathological features of chemotherapy-induced toxic leukoencephalopathy, which is a...
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Adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter with compound heterozygous EIF2B3 gene variants
BackgroundLeukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter (VWM) is an autosomal recessive disorder affecting the white matter of the brain. It...
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A case of a cerebellar form of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient undergoing peritoneal dialysis
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a severe demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, is caused by the reactivation of the...
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Leukoencephalopathy with calcifications and cysts: A case report with literature review
Leukoencephalopathy with calcifications and cysts (LCC; OMIM #614561) is a rare disease and at present there are less than 100 cases reported...
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A case of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a post-kidney transplant patient with improvement after discontinuation of immunosuppressive drugs and combination therapy with mefloquine and mirtazapine
BackgroundProgressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is a rare disease, but the prognosis is very poor, especially in the immunosuppressed state with...
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COVID-19-associated leukoencephalopathy in the absence of severe hypoxia with subsequent improvement: a case report
BackgroundSeveral cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated leukoencephalopathy have been reported. Although most cases involve...
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Drug-Induced Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
IntroductionProgressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) was first described among patients affected by hematological or solid tumors. Following...
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Multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with intensive use of cocaine and the adulterant levamisole in a 29-year old patient
Levamisole is a common adulterant of cocaine and has been associated with reversible leukoencephalopathy in cocaine users. We report a case of two...
