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Exploring the alternative virulence determinants PB2 S155N and PA S49Y/D347G that promote mammalian adaptation of the H9N2 avian influenza virus in mice
The occurrence of human infections caused by avian H9N2 influenza viruses has raised concerns regarding the potential for human epidemics and...
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Predominance of low pathogenic avian influenza virus H9N2 in the respiratory co-infections in broilers in Tunisia: a longitudinal field study, 2018–2020
Respiratory diseases are a health and economic concern for poultry production worldwide. Given global economic exchanges and migratory bird flyways,...
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The generation of hemagglutinin monoclonal antibodies against H9N2 influenza virus
H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are widely distributed, causing continuous outbreaks in poultry and sporadic infections in humans. Vaccination is...
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Immunological, biochemical and pathological effects of vitamin C and Arabic gum co-administration on H9N2 avian influenza virus vaccinated and challenged laying Japanese quails
AimThis study evaluated the effect of co-administration of vitamin C and Arabic gum (AG) supplements on the response of vaccinated (VAC) and...
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Arctiin suppresses H9N2 avian influenza virus-mediated inflammation via activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling
BackgroundH9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) infect avian and mammalian hosts and provide internal genes for new emerging highly pathogenic avian...
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Maternal-derived antibodies hinder the antibody response to H9N2 AIV inactivated vaccine in the field
The H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) inactivated vaccine has been used extensively in poultry farms, but it often fails to stimulate a...
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HA gene amino acid mutations contribute to antigenic variation and immune escape of H9N2 influenza virus
Based on differences in the amino acid sequence of the protein haemagglutinin (HA), the H9N2 avian influenza virus (H9N2 virus) has been clustered...
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Quick and improved immune responses to inactivated H9N2 avian influenza vaccine by purified active fraction of Albizia julibrissin saponins
BackgroundH9N2 Low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) raises public health concerns and its eradication in poultry becomes even more important...
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Mink infection with influenza A viruses: an ignored intermediate host?
Continuously emergence of human infection with avian influenza A virus poses persistent threat to public health, as illustrated in zoonotic H5N1/6...
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Analysis of the microRNA expression profiles of chicken dendritic cells in response to H9N2 avian influenza virus infection
MicroRNA (miRNA) plays a key role in virus-host interactions. Here, we employed deep sequencing technology to determine cellular miRNA expression...
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Bacillus subtilis spores as adjuvants against avian influenza H9N2 induce antigen-specific antibody and T cell responses in White Leghorn chickens
Low-pathogenicity avian influenza H9N2 remains an endemic disease worldwide despite continuous vaccination, indicating the need for an improved...
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Avian influenza A (H7N9) virus: from low pathogenic to highly pathogenic
The avian influenza A (H7N9) virus is a zoonotic virus that is closely associated with live poultry markets. It has caused infections in humans in...
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Are pigs overestimated as a source of zoonotic influenza viruses?
BackgroundSwine influenza caused by influenza A viruses (IAV) directly affects respiratory health and indirectly impairs reproduction rates in pigs...
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Distribution of avian influenza viruses according to environmental surveillance during 2014–2018, China
BackgroundRecurrent infections of animal hosts with avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have posted a persistent threat. It is very important to...
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Spatiotemporal analysis of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) outbreaks in poultry in Egypt (2006 to 2017)
BackgroundIn Egypt, the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N1 is endemic and possesses a severe impact on the poultry. To provide a...
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Intranasally administered protein coated chitosan nanoparticles encapsulating influenza H9N2 HA2 and M2e mRNA molecules elicit protective immunity against avian influenza viruses in chickens
Chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) represent an efficient vaccination tool to deliver immunogenic antigens to the antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which...
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Evaluation in broilers of aerosolized nanoparticles vaccine encapsulating imuno-stimulant and antigens of avian influenza virus/Mycoplasma gallisepticum
BackgroundThe global prevalence of economic primary infection of poultry by H9N2 virus, including the Lineage A, panzootic group ME1, and associated...
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Efficacy of the commercial plant products acting against influenza-a review
BackgroundInfluenza infection always poses a threat to human and animal health. Vaccines and antiviral drugs are recommended to deal with the...
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Development and evaluation of a monoclonal antibody-based competitive ELISA for the detection of antibodies against H7 avian influenza virus
BackgroundH7 subtype avian influenza has caused great concern in the global poultry industry and public health. The conventional serological...
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The epidemiology of swine influenza
Globally swine influenza is one of the most important diseases of the pig industry, with various subtypes of swine influenza virus co-circulating in...