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Cholera toxin: mechanisms of entry into host cells
Cholera toxin moves from the plasma membrane to the ER of host cells to cause disease. Trafficking in this pathway depends on toxin binding to...
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The Ustilago maydis killer toxins
Killer toxins are small proteins secreted by a number of fungi that are lethal to susceptible cells (generally fungi of the same or related species)....
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S. cerevisiae K28 toxin – a secreted virus toxin of the A/B family of protein toxins
Since the initial discovery of toxin-secreting killer strains in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae more than 40 years ago, continuous research on...
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Diphtheria toxin, diphtheria-related fusion protein toxins, and the molecular mechanism of their action against eukaryotic cells
Diphtheria toxin remains one of the most successfully studied of the bacterial protein toxins. A detailed understanding of the structure function...
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Zygocin – a monomeric protein toxin secreted by virus-infected Zygosaccharomyces bailii
Zygocin, a protein toxin secreted by virus-infected strains of the osmotolerant spoilage yeast Zygosaccharomyces bailii kills a broad spectrum of...
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Acidophilic structure and killing mechanism of the Pichia farinosa killer toxin SMKT
SMKT, a killer toxin produced by a halotolerant yeast Pichia farinosa that consists of α and β subunits, is generated from a chromosomally encoded...
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Ricin: structure, synthesis, and mode of action
Ricin is a lectin produced by the seeds of the Ricinus communis plant. It is potently toxic to mammalian cells, where it acts to inhibit the...
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ExoU: A cytotoxin delivered by the type III secretion system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
ExoU is a potent cytotoxin that is injected into host cells by the type III secretion system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It has recently been shown to...
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Kluyveromyces lactis zymocin and other plasmid-encoded yeast killer toxins
Supported by an endogenous killer plasmid DNA system that codes for an anti-proliferative zymocin toxin, the dairy yeast Kluyveromyces lactis has...
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Anthrax toxin and genetic aspects regulating its expression
Anthrax toxin is a unique, tripartite bacterial toxin, capable of causing edema and lethality through binary combinations of protective antigen (PA)...
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Staphylococcal alpha-toxin
Staphylococcal alpha-toxin, archetype of an oligomerizing pore-forming toxin, is produced and secreted as a water-soluble 34 kD monomer. High...
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Shiga toxins and their mechanisms of cell entry
The Shiga toxins (Stxs) are related toxins secreted by Shigella dysenteriae, Escherichia coli in addition to other bacteria. They all act by entering...
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Emerging Cases of Cat-Transmitted Sporotrichosis Driven by Sporothrix brasiliensis in Northeast Brazil
Cat-transmitted sporotrichosis is caused by the emerging fungal pathogen Sporothrix brasiliensis and constitutes a significant public health issue...
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Optimizing Real-Time PCR for Accurate Identification and Quantification of Common Probiotic Bacteria in Iranian Probiotic Dairy Products
The effectiveness of probiotics for health depends on the strain type and dosage. In this study, we endeavored to establish a robust quantitative...
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Lysinibacillus pinottii sp. nov., a novel species with anti-mosquito and anti-mollusk activity
An isolate of a Gram-positive, strictly aerobic, motile, rod-shaped, endospore forming bacterium was originally isolated from soil when screening and...
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Recent advances in the pathogenesis and prevention strategies of dental calculus
Dental calculus severely affects the oral health of humans and animal pets. Calculus deposition affects the gingival appearance and causes...
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Enhancing Phosphate Uptake and Antifungal Activity in Tomato Plants via Bacillus licheniformis Mutagenesis: Evaluating Growth Parameters
The objective of the investigation was to improve phosphate solubilization in tomato plants by Bacillus licheniformis , a rhizobacterium that promotes...
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Comparative genomics of Vibrio toranzoniae strains
Vibrio toranzoniae is a marine bacterium belonging to the Splendidus clade that was originally isolated from healthy clams in Galicia (NW Spain). Its...
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A dynamic subpopulation of CRISPR–Cas overexpressers allows Streptococcus pyogenes to rapidly respond to phage
Many CRISPR–Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated protein) systems, which provide bacteria with...
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Develo** a genomic-based strategy to confirm microbial identity in bio-inputs containing multiple strains: an easy, fast, and low-cost multiplex PCR applied to inoculants carrying soybean Bradyrhizobium
Brazil stands out in research, industrial development, and farmers' use of microbial inoculants, with an emphasis on getting benefits from the...
