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Degradation and Preservation of Organic Matter in Marine Sediments
Organic matter that is deposited in aquatic sediments is subject to an intense diagenetic reactor that determines how much organic carbon is...
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Transfer RNA modifications and modifying enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Transfer RNAs are adaptor molecules, which decode mRNA into protein and, thereby, play a central role in gene expression. During the maturation of a...
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The biosynthesis and functional roles of methylated nucleosides in eukaryotic mRNA
Modified nucleosides are present in mRNA of all eukaryotes, albeit at much lower levels than in other RNA moieties such as rRNA, tRNA, and snRNA....
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Biosynthesis and function of tRNA wobble modifications
Post-transcriptional modifications at the first (wobble) position of the tRNA anticodon participate in the precise decoding of the genetic code that...
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Conserved ribosomal RNA modification and their putative roles in ribosome biogenesis and translation
rRNA maturation requires extensive covalent modifications of riboses and bases. These modifications concern exclusively the most conserved regions of...
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Biosynthesis and function of 1-methyladenosine in transfer RNA
Determining the function of single nucleotide modifications in tRNA has been elusive because so many tRNA modification enzymes are not essential for...
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Adenosine to inosine RNA editing in animal cells
Major advances in the understanding of adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) have come from the generation of ADAR mutant animals. In mice,...
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Biological Markers for Anoxia in the Photic Zone of the Water Column
In this chapter we review the current state of knowledge on the occurrence of anoxic conditions in the water column of past depositional systems...
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Controls on the Carbon Isotopic Compositions of Lipids in Marine Environments
Organic carbon isotopes have long been used to study modern and ancient biogeochemical processes. Controls on the isotopic composition of organic...
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Sources and Cycling of Organic Matter in the Marine Water Column
The organic carbon cycle operates on multiple time scales with a only small fraction of the global reservoir actively exchanged. For the marine...
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Molecular Tools for the Analysis of DNA in Marine Environments
In the last decade, microbial ecologists have increasingly applied molecular techniques to investigate microorganisms in natural environments. The...
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Atmospheric Transport of Terrestrial Organic Matter to the Sea
The transport of atmospheric particles with associated terrestrial organic matter to the oceans is an important process affecting various global...
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Mechanisms and functions of RNA-guided RNA modification
RNA-guided 2’-O-methylations and pseudouridylations occur in several different types of RNAs and in a wide range of organisms. Hundreds of the RNAs...
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Role of the 5’-cap in the biogenesis of spliceosomal snRNPs
The biogenesis of spliceosomal UsnRNPs in higher eukaryotes involves a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling cycle. After transcription and processing in the...
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Um34 in selenocysteine tRNA is required for the expression of stress-related selenoproteins in mammals
Selenium is an essential micronutrient in the diet of mammals and has many health benefits. Selenium-containing proteins are responsible for most, if...
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Translational Recoding and RNA Modifications
During protein synthesis, codons in mRNA are translated sequentially in frame on the ribosome following strict decoding rules. This process is...
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Modification and editing of RNA: historical overview and important facts to remember
RNA plays a central role in many cellular processes and several peculiarities of RNAs are probably relics of an ancient primordial RNA World. To...
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Role of a conserved pseudouridine in U2 snRNA on the structural and electrostatic features of the spliceosomal pre-mRNA branch site
A pseudouridine (ψ) residue in a phylogenetically conserved position of U2 snRNA that pairs with the intron to form the pre-mRNA branch site helix of...
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Mammalian C to U editing
The sequencing of genomes from higher organisms demonstrated that the number and complexity of expressed mRNA sequences and proteins exceeds the...
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Nucleotide methylations in rRNA that confer resistance to ribosome-targeting antibiotics
Methylation of rRNA nucleotides is an effective means of conferring resistance to antibiotics that target the bacterial ribosome. This type of...