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Air Pollution Export from and Import to North America: Experimental Evidence
North America (Canada and the USA) contains only 5% of the world’s population but accounts for 15–23% of the world’s emissions in terms of trace...
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Intercontinental Transport of Ozone from Tropical Biomass Burning
Photochemically reactive gases released by fires (e.g., NO, CO, hydrocarbons) interact as they do in an urban environment to form ozone. There has...
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Airplanes and Infectious Disease
Air travel is associated with crowded conditions that can facilitate the transmission of airborne infectious diseases. The risk of contracting...
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Crew Effects from Toxic Exposures on Aircraft
The cabin of an airplane is a specialised working environment and should be considered as such. The oils and hydraulics used in airplane engines...
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Air Quality Systems for Related Enclosed Spaces: Spacecraft Air
Air quality in the small, closed environment of a spacecraft cabin is always a critical matter for the safety, health, and comfort of the crew. The...
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Aircraft Air Quality Malfunction Incidents: Design, Servicing, and Policy Measures to Decrease Frequency and Severity of Toxic Events
Aircraft air supply contamination from leaking oil and hydraulic fluids has a long history in commercial aviation. There is a wide range of...
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Air Travel and Thrombosis
A deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is essentially the formation of a clot in the veins of the leg. This causes obstruction to the normal flow of blood...
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Aircraft Environmental Control Systems
The external environment at 41000 ft (12500 m), a typical cruise altitude for modern civil aircraft, is hostile to human life. Aircraft...
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Aircraft Air Quality Incidents, Symptoms, Exposures and Possible Solutions
Although air quality incidents in aircraft occur at low frequencies, ranging from 1 per 10000 flights to 3.8 per 1000 flights depending on aircraft...
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Insecticide Use in Occupied Areas of Aircraft
Insecticides are applied in the aircraft cabin for four key reasons: (1) to comply with foreign quarantine regulations applicable to certain...
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Synthetic Musks in Different Water Matrices
Nitro musks and polycyclic musks are used as synthetic musk compounds in almost all scented consumer products, such as perfumes, cosmetics, and...
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Export of Air Pollution from Southern Asia and its Large-Scale Effects
Southern Asia is one of the most heavily populated regions of the world. In contrast to much of the rest of the world, biofuel and biomass burning...
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Indoor Particles, Combustion Products and Fibres
Pollutants in an indoor environment are a complex mixture of gases, vapours and particles in either the liquid or the solid phase, suspended in the...
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Aircraft Air Quality Malfunction Incidents: Causation, Regulatory, Reporting and Rates
The issue of aircraft air contamination due to oils and hydraulic fluids leaking into the aircraft air supply is a known problem in the aviation...
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Aircraft Cabin Air Filtration and Related Technologies:Requirements, Present Practice and Prospects
Aircraft cabin air being supplied from the engines or APU is known to occasionally be contaminated with hydraulic fluids, engine oils, and...
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Synthetic Musks in the Aquatic System of Berlin as an Example for Urban Ecosystems
This chapter compiles some data on the occurrence and fate of synthetic musk compounds in the aquatic environment of Berlin, Germany. The city of...
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Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Products and Materials in Indoor Environments
Building products, furnishings and other indoor materials often emit volatile and semivolatile organic compounds (VOCs and SVOCs). With respect to a...
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Musk Fragrances and Environmental Fate Models – HHCB as an Example for Model Refinements
The theory of environmental fate and distribution models is briefly introduced. Afterwards, by means of the models laid down in the European Union...
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Synthetic Musks in Fish and Other Aquatic Organisms
Musk compounds are widely spread environmental pollutants. Musk compounds were found in aquatic organisms from the North Sea, in rivers, lakes and...
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Intercontinental Transport of Trace Substances from Boreal Forest Fires
Forest fire emissions have strong impact on the composition of trace gases and aerosols in the atmosphere. They are not only a local disturbance...