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    Eusocial evolution without a nest: kin structure of social aphids forming open colonies on bamboo

    Living in nests is an almost universal feature of eusocial animals. In some aphids, however, sterile soldier castes have evolved in open colonies without a nest. To clarify the factors promoting the evolution ...

    Keigo Uematsu, Man-Miao Yang, William Amos in Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology (2023)