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Clostridioides difficile Biofilm
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), previously Clostridium difficile infection, is a symptomatic infection of the large intestine caused by the...
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Economic Burden of Clostridioides difficile Infection in European Countries
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) remains a considerable challenge to healthcare systems worldwide. Although CDI represents a significant...
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Probiotics for Prevention and Treatment of Clostridium difficile Infection
Probiotics have been claimed as a valuable tool to restore the balance in the intestinal microbiota following a dysbiosis caused by, among other...
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Antibiotic Resistances of Clostridioides difficile
The rapid evolution of antibiotic resistance in Clostridioides difficile and the consequent effects on prevention and treatment of C. difficile...
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Non-human Clostridioides difficile Reservoirs and Sources: Animals, Food, Environment
Clostridioides difficile is ubiquitous and is found in humans, animals and in variety of environments. The substantial overlap of ribotypes between...
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Immunization Strategies Against Clostridioides difficile
Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) infection (CDI) is an important healthcare but also a community-associated disease. CDI is considered a...
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Fecal Microbiota Transplantation as Emerging Treatment in European Countries 2.0
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections and one of the leading causes of morbidity and...
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Ribotypes and New Virulent Strains Across Europe
Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile is a major bacterial cause of post-antibiotic diarrhoea. The epidemiology of C. difficile infections...
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Diagnostic Guidance for C. difficile Infections
Diagnosis of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) can be challenging. First of all, there has been debate on which of the two reference assays,...
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Human Herpesviruses: Varicella and Herpes Zoster
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes two clinically distinct diseases in humans. Varicella (or chickenpox), resulting from primary infection of a...
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The ESCMID Study Group for Clostridioides difficile: History, Role, and Perspectives
Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) is a major nosocomial pathogen but is also increasingly recognised as an important diarrhoeal pathogen in the...
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An Updated View on the Cellular Uptake and Mode-of-Action of Clostridioides difficile Toxins
Research on the human gut pathogen Clostridioides (C.) difficile and its toxins continues to attract much attention as a consequence of the threat to...
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Comparative Genomics of Clostridioides difficile
Clostridioides difficile, a Gram-positive spore-forming anaerobic bacterium, has rapidly emerged as the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhoea in...
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Clostridioides difficile Sporulation
Some members of the Firmicutes phylum, including many members of the human gut microbiota, are able to differentiate a dormant and highly resistant...
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European Practice for CDI Treatment
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Historically, two antibiotics...
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Enteroviruses and Parechoviruses: Echoviruses, Coxsackieviruses, and Others
Enteroviruses and parechoviruses (family Picornaviridae) are ubiquitous human pathogens, causing a wide range of clinical presentations. These...
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Coronaviruses: The Common Cold, SARS, and MERS
Coronaviruses of humans were first identified more than 60 years ago from individuals with respiratory infections, mainly mild. Two different...
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Membrane Vesicles of Clostridioides difficile and Other Clostridial Species
Membrane vesicles are secreted by growing bacterial cells and are important components of the bacterial secretome, with a role in delivering effector...
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The Need for European Surveillance of CDI
Since the turn of the millennium, the epidemiology of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) has continued to challenge. Changes in clinical...
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Time Series Analysis
Analysis of epidemic time series is a large endeavor because of the richness of dynamical patterns and a plentitude of historical data (Rohani &...