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Effects of Sex Steroids on Innate and Adaptive Immunity
Estrogens and androgens are classically recognized as reproductive sex steroid hormones because of their well-documented effects on reproductive...
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Fracture Risk Assessment with Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry: Applications and Limitations
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the worldwide standard technology for measuring bone mineral density (BMD) in population studies. It is...
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Congenital Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism is defined as an excess of parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in the blood, due to a prolonged overactivity of one or more...
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Antiresorptive Drugs’ Role in Management of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a very common bone metabolic disorder, characterized by low bone mineral density, impairment of bone...
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The Impact of Microbial Metabolites on Host Health and Disease
There is compelling evidence that the gut microbiota functions as an endocrine organ through the production of various metabolites with hormone-like...
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Gut Microbiome in Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis
Classical risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and genetic...
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Gut Microbiome and Hepatic Steatosis (Steatotic Liver Disease)
The gut–liver axis represents complex pathways of communication between the gut, the gut microbiota, and the liver that influence hepatic and...
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Gut Microbiome and Brown Adipose Tissue
The high prevalence of worldwide obesity and its associated metabolic disorders has a very negative impact on health, resulting in increased...
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Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in South Asians
Obesity and the metabolic syndromeObesityand metabolic syndromeMetabolic syndrome (MetS) are chronic conditions resulting from biological,...
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Gut Microbiota and Specific Response to Diet
Gut microbiota is now considered as a “metabolic organ” that exerts several functions affecting the host metabolism and physiology. Specifically,...
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Gut Microbiota and Diabetic Kidney Diseases
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, as well as the first cause of end-stage renal...
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Methods to Study Metabolomics
Metabolic diseases, namely obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and type 2 diabetes (T2D), are important risk factors for...
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The Role of Endothelial Dysfunction in the Connection Between Gut Microbiota, Vascular Injury, and Arterial Hypertension
The management of arterial hypertension, as recently defined by the European Society of Hypertension, is far from being completely achieved, and...
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Aging and Gut Dysbiosis
Aging is a complex phenomenon, driven by tangled interactions between biotic and environmental factors. In recent decades, mounting scientific...
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Gut Microbiome and Hepatic Steatosis (Steatotic Liver Disease)
The gut–liver axis represents complex pathways of communication between the gut, the gut microbiota, and the liver that influence hepatic and...
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Post-COVID-19 Condition
The rationale for prescribing whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) in post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) condition (PCC) appears in line with the...
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Cryostimulation as a Nonpharmacological Intervention for the Promotion of Mental Health: A Focus on Depressive and Anxiety Disorders
Whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) is a nonpharmacological intervention that involves exposing the body to extremely cold temperatures for a short...
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Midline Neck Swellings: Clinical Approach
A neck swelling includes any mass that presents in the neck whatever its origin is. Swellings of the neck are generally categorized into two groups:...
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Midline Neck Swellings: Classification
A neck swelling includes any mass that presents in the neck whatever its origin is. Swellings of the neck are generally categorized into two groups:...
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Surgical Anatomy of the Neck
This chapter describes in a broad yet systematic manner the relevant surgical anatomy arrangement of the viscera, muscles, nerves, and major blood...