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  1. Chapter

    A Brief History of Microbiology and Immunology

    Vaccine history is inextricably linked with the histories of microbiology and immunology; evolution of the latter disciplines parallels the ongoing quest of humankind to understand the fundamental basis of lif...

    Steven M. Opal in Vaccines: A Biography (2010)

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    Chapter

    Vaccines Against Bacterial Endotoxins

    The use of vaccines that induce antibodies to either highly conserved epitopes in the LPS core or to serotype-specific antigens (O-polysaccharide or CPS) remains a viable strategy for the prevention and/or tre...

    Apurba K. Bhattacharjee, Alan S. Cross, Steven M. Opal in The Sepsis Text (2002)

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    Chapter

    Immunopathogenesis of Gram-Negative Shock

    It has become evident that Gram-negative bacterial pathogens have evolved an elaborate array of virulence factors that contribute to the immunopathogenesis of systemic infection and septic shock. Microorganism...

    Steven M. Opal, Christian E. Hubert in The Sepsis Text (2002)

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    Chapter

    Interleukin-11: Potential Therapeutic Activity in Systemic Inflammatory States

    Interleukin-11 IL-11) is a multifunctional, immunoregulatory cytokine with several unique attributes that has therapeutic potential in a number of systemic inflammatory states. Like many other pleiotropic cyto...

    Steven M. Opal, James C. Keith Jr. in Multiple Organ Failure (2000)

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    Chapter

    Endotoxin scavengers as a therapeutic strategy for sepsis

    Bacterial endotoxin remains an important therapeutic target for the treatment of serious infections from Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. Despite recent failures in past clinical trials with novel anti-endot...

    Steven M. Opal in Cytokines in Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock (1999)