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Materials Science
Metallic Materials
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Ionic Liquids for the Processing of Rare Earth Elements
Ionic Liquids are room temperature organic molten salts that are being investigated for various metallurgical processing applications. Specifically, the application of ionic liquids (ILs) in the extraction, re...
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Rare Earth Markets and Their Industrial Applications
Continuous discoveries of the unique chemical and physical properties of rare earth elements (REEs) throughout history have had a major impact on their industrial applications. Although their first popular use...
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Role of Rare Earths as Catalysts in the Chemical, Petroleum and Transportation Industries
This chapter addresses the application of rare earths in petroleum refining, transportation, chemical processing and pollution abatement. Petroleum refining, especially fluid catalytic cracking, is the main ar...
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Introduction
Minerals, metals, and materials are essential for manufacturing products that are vital to the global economy, creating advanced technological innovations and raising the standards of our daily way of life. Th...
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Scandium in Commercial Wrought Aluminum Alloys
This chapter reviews commercial applications for scandium (Sc)-containing wrought aluminum (Al) alloys. Advantages from alloying Sc with aluminum Al include (1) refined grain structure in billets, ingots and w...
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Energy-Related Rare Earth Element Sources
Energy-related materials such as coal, coal-bearing wastes, and coal combustion products are traditionally thought of as sources or by-products of electric power generation. Increasingly, these materials are c...
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Value Recovery Pathways for Rare Earth Elements and Nd-Fe-B Magnets from End-of-Life Products
With the advent of a clean energy economy, our society is moving away from a fuel-intensive energy system to a material-intensive system that relies heavily on critical materials such as rare earth elements (R...
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Rare Earth Extraction from Ion-Adsorption Clays in U.S. Coal By-Products
Ion-adsorption clays (IACs) mined in South China are probably the most important rare earth resource in the world, as they account for >80% of the global supply of heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) that are cr...
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Fundamental Perspectives on the Economic Analysis of Rare Earth Processing from Various Feedstocks
In the mining and minerals sector, new development projects are assessed for economic viability using a standard approach whereby resource and reserve data are evaluated alongside cost and revenue estimates. W...
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Continuous Ion Chromatography
In the late 1940s, lanthanide separations were performed using ion exchange (IX) as part of the Manhattan project (Boyd et al. J Am Chem Soc 69(11): 2818–2829, 1947; Spedding et al. J Am Chem Soc 69(11): 2812–...
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Reduction of Rare Earth Elements Through Electrochemical and Metallothermic Methods
An overview of the reduction of rare earth elements through metallothermic and electrochemical methods is presented. The basic thermodynamic considerations are discussed. Metallothermic methods are reviewed, i...
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Rare Earth Element Reduction to Metals
The reduction to metal of rare earth elements is a complex, energy-intensive, and environmentally damaging process currently undertaken by molten salt electrolysis for the light rare earth elements (lanthanum ...
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Rare Earth Magnets: Manufacturing and Applications
A comprehensive review of rare earth magnet manufacturing and applications would need several book volumes to cover these topics in detail, so with just a single chapter, the only approach is to provide a brie...
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High-Performance Aluminum Castings Containing Rare Earth Elements
Cerium(IV) oxide (CeO2) is one of the predominate oxides produced in rare earth mining. Much of it is discarded after separation from the higher atomic number rare earth oxides. A beneficial use of cerium (Ce) is...
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Conventional Rare Earth Element Mineral Deposits—The Global Landscape
Four conventional mineral deposit types—carbonatite, alkaline igneous, heavy mineral sand, and regolith-hosted ion-adsorption clay deposits—currently supply global markets with the rare earth elements (REEs) a...
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Rare Earth Oxide Applications in Ceramic Coatings for Turbine Engines
Ceramic coatings containing rare earth oxides (REO) play a critical role in enabling high performance and efficiency in gas turbines used for power generation and propulsion. To meet evolving performance const...
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Rare Earth Element Mining and Recovery: A Regulatory Overview
An overview of potential environmental regulations is provided in this section for stakeholders who are concerned with the environmental, health effects and impacts across authorities for rare earth elements (...
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Rare Earth Ore Flotation Principles and Kinetics: Significance of Collectors and Application of Novel Depressants
The lanthanides are more commonly referred to as rare earth elements (REEs). Approximately 250 rare earth minerals (REMs) are known but vary in their composition as solid solutions. Because REEs have similar p...
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Recovery of Rare Earth Metals from Waste Fluorescent Lights
Europium and yttrium (Y) are critical materials required for light-emitting diode (LED), florescent lamp (FL), cell phone screen and flat panel display production. Nearly, the entire worldwide production of eu...
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Solvent Extraction
The chemical and physical properties of the final application using rare earth elements (REEs) are specific to the different REEs and in most cases, these properties depend on the purity of the REE used. Since...
