161 Result(s)
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Chapter
**e **an
Materials Science
Electronics and Microelectronics, Instrumentation
Engineering, general
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The Effect of Thermal Treatment of Crystals on Their Structure Quality and Mechanical Characteristics
The modern technological processes of manufacturing single-crystal articles usually include thermal treatment of the already-made products or their blanks as one of the necessary stages. Thermal treatment pres...
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Properties of Sapphire
Mirror-turn axis of the sixth order (ternary inversion axis)
Three axes of the second order normal to it
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Crystal Growth Methods
Sapphire can be grown from the gaseous, liquid, and solid phases. An ample literature devoted to the methods of obtaining sapphire from different media contains data on the theory and practice of growing the c...
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Influence of Chemical–Mechanical Treatment on the Quality of Sapphire Article Working Surfaces and on the Evolution of Surfaces under the Action of Forces
Development of a technology for reproducible crystal treatment is a complicated problem. On the one hand, even crystals grown by the same method under identical conditions may differ in quality and properties,...
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Methods for Obtaining Complex Monolithic Sapphire Units and Large-Size Crystals
The present-day state of crystal growth technologies makes it possible to obtain sapphire products of rather large size and complex configuration. However, demand has arisen for super-large sapphire crystals a...
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Application of Sapphire
As far back as the tenth century BC , sapphires and rubies were valued as gems on the level of diamonds. Artificial sapphires were first used in jewelry art as well, but from the beginning of the twentieth cen...
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Radiation Effects in Sapphire
High-energy particles that participate in elastic and inelastic interactions with target nuclei cause shifts of the crystal lattice atoms. At low energies of bombarding particles, such shifts lead to the forma...
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The Regularities of Structure Defect Formation at the Crystal Growing
This chapter will present the main mechanisms of the structure defect formation in sapphire and will look at the possibilities of growing the crystals with a prespecified distribution of the structure defects
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Introduction
The text before you addresses the physics and technology of laser diodes with a focus on their use in optical microsystems. Before beginning the technical discussion, it may be of edifying value to consider th...
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Semiconductors for Lasers
The fact that semiconductor laser diodes are made from semiconductors is in large part responsible for their success. Semiconductor materials exist in great variety, resulting in a large range of accessible la...
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Flows in Porous Media
We now turn our attention to the results that constitute the core of modern research on convective heat and mass transfer through porous media. Our objective is not only to organize the compact presentation of...
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Laser Diode Characterization
When an engineer decides to use a semiconductor laser diode as a light source in an optical microsystem, one of her first tasks will be to determine its operating characteristics. Despite availability of data ...
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Environmental and Civil Engineering
Realistic models of energy systems demand the treatment of installations and their flowing surroundings together, more so when the installations are large and their spheres of impact greater. The interface bet...
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Integration and Assembly
Our goal in studying semiconductor lasers in this textbook has been to use them as light sources in optical microsystems. Key to achieving this is the availability of techniques for integrating laser diodes wi...
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Living Structures
The development of complex cellular systems such as the vertebrates requires the availability of large amounts of oxygen for the metabolic needs of the cells. The respiratory and circulatory systems are the sp...
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Extrinsic Interface Dipoles
The deliberate manipulation of barrier heights at metal—semiconductor contacts by do** of the interface with foreign atoms has turned out to be a difficult task. Predeposited atoms were found to form compoun...
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Multidisciplinary Applications
The void spaces of a porous structure can be interconnected or not. In the latter case the void spaces are disconnected “inclusions” that do not allow a flow to permeate through the porous structure. When the ...
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Introduction
Semiconductor science began in 1874. At the end of this year, Ferdinand Braun described his discovery of the rectifying properties of metal—semiconductor contacts in an article entitled Über die Stromleitung durc...
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Determination of Barrier Heights and offsets
As in the bulk of semiconductors the current flow through space-charge regions of metal semiconductor contacts occurs via drift and diffusion. The semiconductors will be assumed to be doped non-degenerately n-typ...
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The IFIGS-and-Electronegativity Theory
Studies of core-level photoemission revealed the partial ionic character of the covalent bonds between metal and substrate atoms on semiconductor surfaces covered with metal adatoms.
