10 Result(s)
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Chapter
Cryosphere and Cryospheric Science
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) states that it is extremely likely that more than half of the observed increase in global average surface temperature from 195...
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Chapter
Formation and Development of the Cryosphere
The cryosphere is a sphere on the earth’s surface with a certain thickness, where temperature is continuously distributed below the freezing point. All the processes related to frozen water taken place on the ...
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Chapter
Chemical Characteristics of the Cryosphere
Cryospheric chemistry is one of the most important research aspects of Cryospheric Science and has important impacts on the climatic and environmental changes. Studies of the chemical characteristics of the cr...
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Chapter
Cryospheric Evolutions at Different Time Scales
The paleo-cryosphere is the cryosphere of the earth in the past geological time. The history of the Earth covers about 4.6 billion years (Ga). However, there are only 542 million years (Ma) since the Cambrian....
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Chapter
Cryosphere Change Impact, Adaptation and Sustainable Development
Changes in the cryosphere impact on social and economic development at a global, regional or local scale. On the global scale, the expansion or shrinkage of the cryosphere affect water cycles in hydrosphere, i...
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Chapter
Field Observations and Measurements for Cryospheric Science
The rapid development of cryospheric science has benefited from innovations in methodologies and techniques for field observations and laboratory experiments. Various types of data from field observations and ...
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Chapter
Classification and Geographical Distribution of Cryosphere
This chapter describes the classification of the cryospheric components and their geographical distribution in the world. The first part introduces the overall distribution of the continental cryosphere, marin...
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Chapter
Physical Properties of the Cryosphere
Physical properties of the cryosphere are the basis to understanding all processes and mechanisms in the cryosphere. Although ice is the core material in all the cryospheric components, there are enormous phys...
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Chapter
Climatic and Environmental Record in Cryosphere
Reconstruction of climatic and environmental changes in the past is fundamental to understanding cyrospheric evolution, as well as interpreting present climatic and environmental changes and projecting future ...
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Chapter
Interactions Between Cryosphere and the Other Spheres
The formation and evolution of cryosphere have profound impacts on the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere, which in turn have a large influence on the distribution and changes of the cryospher...
