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Article
Open AccessThe malate shuttle detoxifies ammonia in exhausted T cells by producing 2-ketoglutarate
The malate shuttle is traditionally understood to maintain NAD+/NADH balance between the cytosol and mitochondria. Whether the malate shuttle has additional functions is unclear. Here we show that chronic viral i...
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Article
Open AccessCellular metabolism regulates the differentiation and function of T-cell subsets
T cells are an important component of adaptive immunity and protect the host from infectious diseases and cancers. However, uncontrolled T cell immunity may cause autoimmune disorders. In both situations, anti...