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Open AccessThe Cdh5-CreERT2 transgene causes conditional Shb gene deletion in hematopoietic cells with consequences for immune cell responses to tumors
The tamoxifen-responsive conditional Cdh5-CreERT2 is commonly used for endothelial cell specific conditional deletion of loxP-flanked gene sequences. To address the role of endothelial cell Shb gene for B16F10 me...
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Article
Open AccessOverexpression of heparanase enhances T lymphocyte activities and intensifies the inflammatory response in a model of murine rheumatoid arthritis
Heparanase is an endo-glucuronidase that degrades heparan sulfate chains. The enzyme is expressed at a low level in normal organs; however, elevated expression of heparanase has been detected in several inflam...
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Article
Open AccessAmino acid substitutions V63I or A37S/I61T/V63I/V100A in the PA N-terminal domain increase the virulence of H7N7 influenza A virus
The PA N-terminal domain (PA-Nter) is essential for viral transcription and replication. Here we identified PA-Nter substitutions A37S, I61T, V63I and V100A in recently emerged avian influenza A viruses (IAVs)...
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Article
Open AccessA novel small-molecule inhibitor of influenza A virus acts by suppressing PA endonuclease activity of the viral polymerase
The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of influenza A virus comprises conserved and independently-folded subdomains with defined functionalities. The N-terminal domain of the PA subunit (PAN) harbors the endonuclease f...
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Article
Open AccessInterleukin-35 administration counteracts established murine type 1 diabetes – possible involvement of regulatory T cells
The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-35 is produced by regulatory T (Treg) cells to suppress autoimmune and inflammatory responses. The role of IL-35 in type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains to be answered. To elucidate ...
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Article
Open AccessConcomitant analysis of Helios and Neuropilin-1 as a marker to detect thymic derived regulatory T cells in naïve mice
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are characterized by the expression of CD4, CD25 and the intracellular Foxp3. However, these markers do not indicate whether Treg cells are thymic derived Treg (tTreg) cells or periph...